1. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 1 MEASURING MILITARY CAPABILITIES MILITARY EXPENDITURE & ARMS ACQUISITIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO MILITARY CAPABILITIES MILITARY EXPENDITURE & ARMS ACQUISITIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO MILITARY CAPABILITIES

2. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 2 Global Military Expenditure 1996-2005 in constant USD billions

3. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 3 OAS Military Expenditure Shares 2001-2005

4. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 4 OAS Military Expenditure 1996-2005 in constant USD billions

5. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 5 Global Arms Imports 1996-2005 in SIPRI TIV

6. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 6 OAS Arms Imports 1996-2005 in SIPRI TIV

7. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 7 OAS Arms Imports Shares 2001-2005

8. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 8 What is wrong with the previous pictures? They do NOT give good indications of military capability Bean Counting Military expenditure and arms acquisitions do NOT make military capability - they are ONLY two of many indicators They are very weak indicators - certainly when not disaggregated They do NOT give good indications of military capability Bean Counting Military expenditure and arms acquisitions do NOT make military capability - they are ONLY two of many indicators They are very weak indicators - certainly when not disaggregated

9. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 9 How then to measure military capability? Military capability is in the end only really measurable on the battlefield Second (and preferred) option is using different quantitative and qualitative data Military capability is in the end only really measurable on the battlefield Second (and preferred) option is using different quantitative and qualitative data

10. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 10 What data are needed? Quantity What is there? Holdings = existing inventory + acquisition + modernization - deletion) Quality How good is it? Technical parameters + age How is it used? How good are the users? What logistic support is there? How long will the platforms last? What is the balance of equipment? Quantity What is there? Holdings = existing inventory + acquisition + modernization - deletion) Quality How good is it? Technical parameters + age How is it used? How good are the users? What logistic support is there? How long will the platforms last? What is the balance of equipment?

11. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 11 Equipment data needed Numbers Platforms Types (detailed) Age and modernizations Consumption goods Ammunition Spares Numbers Platforms Types (detailed) Age and modernizations Consumption goods Ammunition Spares

12. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 12 Context data needed Military context Basing Doctrine Training Network or integration of forces Policy context Defence and foreign policy Culture - national will to use military force Military context Basing Doctrine Training Network or integration of forces Policy context Defence and foreign policy Culture - national will to use military force

13. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 13 Where to get data? Numbers Registers (UNROCA, OAS - with as much detail as possible) Budgets (disaggregated) Background Policy statements (white papers) and policy practice Training and operation manuals Observation (exchanges) Joint exercises and operations Numbers Registers (UNROCA, OAS - with as much detail as possible) Budgets (disaggregated) Background Policy statements (white papers) and policy practice Training and operation manuals Observation (exchanges) Joint exercises and operations

14. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 14 How relevant is measuring of military capabilities? A must in areas of tension Of much less relevance for international relations in peaceful environments But relevant for internal use (measuring of own military capabilities) Synchronizing defence with foreign policy A must in areas of tension Of much less relevance for international relations in peaceful environments But relevant for internal use (measuring of own military capabilities) Synchronizing defence with foreign policy

15. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 15 Where does that leave UN MILEX mechanism? Good - disaggregated data Good - standardization Bad - voluntary Bad - very few report Never meant really to be used for measuring military capabilities, recognizing threats and early warning Good - disaggregated data Good - standardization Bad - voluntary Bad - very few report Never meant really to be used for measuring military capabilities, recognizing threats and early warning

16. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 16 Where does that leave UNROCA? Good - numbers and types Good - possibility for background info and data Bad - only imports Bad - only traditional aggressive weapons Bad - voluntary Bad - important importers do not report Good - numbers and types Good - possibility for background info and data Bad - only imports Bad - only traditional aggressive weapons Bad - voluntary Bad - important importers do not report

17. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 17 Where does that leave OSCE exchange of information? Good - mandatory Good - numbers and types Good - including some support/force multiplier systems Good - verification Good - reporting on planned acquisition Good - acquisitions and holdings Good - info on doctrine and policy But not in region in much need of it Good - mandatory Good - numbers and types Good - including some support/force multiplier systems Good - verification Good - reporting on planned acquisition Good - acquisitions and holdings Good - info on doctrine and policy But not in region in much need of it

18. Presentation for OAS meeting 1 Dec. 2006 18 Where does that leave OAS Convention? Good - mandatory Good - numbers and types Good - includes all acquisitions Bad - no holdings Bad - only traditional aggressive weapons Bad - no background info Bad? - very few report But not in a region in much need of it Good - mandatory Good - numbers and types Good - includes all acquisitions Bad - no holdings Bad - only traditional aggressive weapons Bad - no background info Bad? - very few report But not in a region in much need of it