1. SIPRI

2. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Siemon Wezeman Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Siemon Wezeman

3. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 20063 OAS and Confidence Building Measures: Learning from the rest

4. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 20064 What is a CBM? Measure to diminish mistrust and misunderstanding/worst case scenario thinking Measure to promote understanding and acceptance Measure to promote friendship and cooperation ALL IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY RELATIONS It is not something to address agreed problems like narco-traffic, organized crime or terrorists Measure to diminish mistrust and misunderstanding/worst case scenario thinking Measure to promote understanding and acceptance Measure to promote friendship and cooperation ALL IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY RELATIONS It is not something to address agreed problems like narco-traffic, organized crime or terrorists

5. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 20065 European CBM/CSBM ECSC - European Coal and Steel Community (1952-2002) Pooling European coal and steel production and establishing a free market for it Strategic/military capacity scope - not directly on military expenditures or weapons ECSC - European Coal and Steel Community (1952-2002) Pooling European coal and steel production and establishing a free market for it Strategic/military capacity scope - not directly on military expenditures or weapons

6. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 20066 European CBM/CSBM EEC - European Economic Community (1957) Changed to European Union (1992) Broad strategic/military capacity scope - not directly on military expenditure, weapons or defence policy (excluded in 1957 and 1992 treaties) Establishing integrated European economy EEC - European Economic Community (1957) Changed to European Union (1992) Broad strategic/military capacity scope - not directly on military expenditure, weapons or defence policy (excluded in 1957 and 1992 treaties) Establishing integrated European economy

7. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 20067 European CBM/CSBM NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Co-operative defence Became more CSBM with re-armament of Germany (1955 - after failure of European Defence Community) Common military expenditure definition Transparency: Public data on military expenditure NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Co-operative defence Became more CSBM with re-armament of Germany (1955 - after failure of European Defence Community) Common military expenditure definition Transparency: Public data on military expenditure

8. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 20068 European CBM/CSBM CSCE - Conference on Security and Co- operation in Europe (1975) Changed to OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (1995) Transparency: exchange of information on arms acquisition plans, acquisitions, holdings and disposition of forces Government-to-government CSCE - Conference on Security and Co- operation in Europe (1975) Changed to OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (1995) Transparency: exchange of information on arms acquisition plans, acquisitions, holdings and disposition of forces Government-to-government

9. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 20069 European CBM/CSBM Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe - CFE (1989) Changed to Adapted CFE Treaty (1999) Result of serious Cold War tension of early- 1980s Reduction of armaments Transparency: Government-to-government reports on holdings, verification Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe - CFE (1989) Changed to Adapted CFE Treaty (1999) Result of serious Cold War tension of early- 1980s Reduction of armaments Transparency: Government-to-government reports on holdings, verification

10. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200610 European CBM/CSBM Normal democratic behaviour Public and/or semi-public data on military expenditure, arms acquisitions, military doctrine and military/foreign policy Public discussion on the above in Parliament Strong involvement of and strong government and public support for NGO/think tanks analyzing the above Normal democratic behaviour Public and/or semi-public data on military expenditure, arms acquisitions, military doctrine and military/foreign policy Public discussion on the above in Parliament Strong involvement of and strong government and public support for NGO/think tanks analyzing the above

11. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200611 European CBM/CSBM Outreach to other regions Share experiences Support CBM/CSBM actively Workshops on UNROCA Financial support for ECOWAS Moratorium Financial support for non-European NGOs and participation of non-Europeans in European NGO work Outreach to other regions Share experiences Support CBM/CSBM actively Workshops on UNROCA Financial support for ECOWAS Moratorium Financial support for non-European NGOs and participation of non-Europeans in European NGO work

12. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200612 Asian CBM/CSBM ASEAN-ARF - Association of South-East Asian Nations Regional Forum Publications of defence policy in Defence White Paper Code of Conduct in South China Sea Cooperative anti-piracy patrols ASEAN-ARF - Association of South-East Asian Nations Regional Forum Publications of defence policy in Defence White Paper Code of Conduct in South China Sea Cooperative anti-piracy patrols

13. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200613 African CBM/CSBM AU - African Union Permanent African peacekeeping units made up from units from several African countries ECOWAS Moratorium on arms acquisitions AU - African Union Permanent African peacekeeping units made up from units from several African countries ECOWAS Moratorium on arms acquisitions

14. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200614 Middle Eastern CBM/CSBM ? At best the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation Council Some track 2 efforts ? At best the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation Council Some track 2 efforts

15. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200615 Lessons to learn Integration of regions Economic/cultural Military Integration of regions Economic/cultural Military

16. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200616 Lessons to learn Importance of Transparency for democratic rule Improves general quality of democracy Possibly reduces waste (by allowing more informed decisions on spending) Improves internal relations Improves insight and trust by neighbours Importance of Transparency for democratic rule Improves general quality of democracy Possibly reduces waste (by allowing more informed decisions on spending) Improves internal relations Improves insight and trust by neighbours

17. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200617 Lessons to learn Provision of data is not enough - Analysis has to be done and to be possible Data available to public or neutral analysts Freedom of speech - analysts have to be allowed to say whatever they think Support for independent analysis - NGO/think tanks Provision of data is not enough - Analysis has to be done and to be possible Data available to public or neutral analysts Freedom of speech - analysts have to be allowed to say whatever they think Support for independent analysis - NGO/think tanks

18. Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 200618 Lessons to learn CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency are means NOT a goals CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency need to be useful CBM/CSBM obligations have to be doable Streamline/coordinate measures Support for less capable members CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency are means NOT a goals CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency need to be useful CBM/CSBM obligations have to be doable Streamline/coordinate measures Support for less capable members

19. SIPRI Siemon Wezeman Senior Researcher/Project Leader Arms Transfers Project +46-08-6559739 or +46-08-6559700 swezeman@sipri.org Siemon Wezeman Senior Researcher/Project Leader Arms Transfers Project +46-08-6559739 or +46-08-6559700 swezeman@sipri.org