1. Ferrel cell Ferrel cell Ferrel cell Hadley cell Ferrel cell Polar cell The Physical Environment Image from NASA

2. Joseph Grinnell Grinnellian Niche  “Habitat” “The niche relationships of the California Thrasher” (1917) “The ultimate distributional unit within which each species is held by its structural and instinctive limitations" (1928) The Ecological Niche Photos of Grinnell and California Thrasher from Wikimedia Commons

3. Charles Elton Eltonian Niche  “Profession” or “Role” “The status of an animal in its community… its place in the biotic environment, its relations to food and enemies" (1927) The Ecological Niche Photo of Elton from http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/chronob/ELTO1900.htm

4. Dr. Seuss The Ecological Niche And NUH is the letter I use to spell Nutches Who live in small caves, known as Niches, for hutches. These Nutches have troubles, the biggest of which is The fact there are many more Nutches than Niches. Each Nutch in a Niche knows that some other Nutch Would like to move into his Niche very much. So each Nutch in a Niche has to watch that small Niche Or Nutches who haven’t got Niches will snitch. Image from Geisel, T. S. (1955) On beyond zebra, by Dr. Seuss

5. G. Evelyn Hutchinson Hutchinsonian Niche = “n-dimensional hypervolume” “an n-dimensional hypervolume… defined on axes [representing] all of the ecological factors relative to [the species]… [and] every point in which corresponds to a state of the environment which [permits]… the species… to exist indefinitely” (1958) The Ecological Niche Photo of Hutchinson from http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/archives/biography/g-evelyn-hutchinson Figure image from http://www.eplantscience.com/index/general_zoology/environment_and_the_niche.php

6. The Ecological Niche Figure from Bruno et al. (2003) Trends in Ecology & Evolution Why might the fundamental and realized niches differ?

7. Atmospheric environmental conditions at a given time and place Weather Photo of lightning in Western Australia from Wikimedia Commons

8. The long-term, average weather patterns of a given place Climate Climate Diagram from Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Ecological Toolkit 3.1, Fig. A

9. – differential heating & cooling1. Shape of the Earth Major Determinants of Global Climate

10. 1. Shape of the Earth Ferrel cell Ferrel cell Ferrel cell Hadley cell Ferrel cell Polar cell – differential heating & cooling results in rising & sinking air masses: Hadley & Ferrel cells Major Determinants of Global Climate Figure from NASA

11. – results in seasons as Hadley & Ferrel cells move latitudinally, tracking changes in the position of the solar equator with a slight time lag 2. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun on a tilted axis 1. Shape of the Earth Northern Hemisphere summer – Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun Northern Hemisphere winter – Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun Major Determinants of Global Climate Figure from Wikimedia Commons

12. 2. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun on a tilted axis 1. Shape of the Earth Major Determinants of Global Climate

13. 2. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun on a tilted axis 1. Shape of the Earth Major Determinants of Global Climate

14. 3. Rotation of Earth on Earth’s axis Creates Coriolis effect (actually conservation of momentum) Currents in air and water are deflected right in N. Hemisphere and left in S. Hemisphere 2. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun on a tilted axis 1. Shape of the Earth Major Determinants of Global Climate

15. 3. Rotation of Earth on Earth’s axis Creates Coriolis effect (actually conservation of momentum) Currents in air and water are deflected right in N. Hemisphere and left in S. Hemisphere 2. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun on a tilted axis 1. Shape of the Earth Major Determinants of Global Climate Figure from NASA

16. Albedo – solar radiation that a surface reflects Local-Scale Influences on Climate Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 2.19 Sensible heat loss – exchange of kinetic energy via conduction (molecules in direct contact) or convection (air movement) that involves a temperature change Latent heat loss – involves no change in temperature, e.g., phase shift of H 2 O

17. Rainshadow Local-Scale Influences on Climate Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 2.18

18. … and modified by Coriolis effects Ocean Currents are Driven by Surface Winds Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 2.11

19. Upwelling – brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface Local-Scale Influences on Marine Conditions Upwelling animation from Wikimedia Commons

20. Marine Biological Zones Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 3.16 Increasing pressure Decreasing temperature Decreasing light availability

21. Stream order influences energy, nutrients, and other conditions Rivers & Lotic Zonation Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 3.13 Temperate zone river systems Decrease in particle size in stream bed Allochthonous input of detritus decreases relative to volume of water

22. Rivers & Lotic Zonation Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), 3.14 Location within a given section also determines conditions

23. Lake stratification & turnover Lakes & Lentic Zonation Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 2.22 Increasing pressure Decreasing temperature Decreasing light availability

24. E.g., El Niño Southern Oscillation Images from Wikimedia Commons Year-to-Year and Decadal Climate Variation Normal yr El Niño yr La Niña yr

25. Milankovitch Cycles Long-Term Climate Variation Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 2.26 A & B Orbital Eccentricity Periodicity  100,000 yr Orbital Obliquity Periodicity  41,000 yr

26. Milankovitch Cycles Long-Term Climate Variation Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 2.26 C Orbital orientation Periodicity  22,000 yr

27. pH Chemical Environment Kelly et al. (2013) Global Change Biology, Fig. 4 E.g., development – sea urchin development suffers under reduced pH (resulting from elevated pCO 2 ) pH level p < 0.001

28. Oxygen Chemical Environment Projecto-Garcia et al. (2013) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Fig. 1b. E.g., biochemical phenotype – hemoglobin’s O 2 binding affinity increases with the average elevation range of Andean hummingbird species Elevation Hb-O 2 affinity (Increasing)

29. Salinity / Salt Availability Bravo et al. (2010) Journal of Tropical Ecology, Fig. 1 Chemical Environment Dry seasonWet season Season p = 0.48 Site p < 0.001 Season x Site Interaction p = 0.62 E.g., behavior – frugivorous bats seek sodium at mineral licks in southeastern Peru