1. Sex Discrimination Michael Itagaki Sociology 102, Social Problems

2. Problem in Sociological Perspective Women viewed as the minority group  Not a numerical minority  Patriarchy

3. Scope of the Problem Is male dominance universal?  Debateable  Biological support  Cultural support

4. Dynamic Element of Social Problem Major areas of sex discrimination (Hacker, 1951)  Political and legal  Education  Economic  Social

5. Theoretical Analysis of Social Problem Symbolic Interaction  Socialization into gender/sex roles?  ex. Toys

6. Symbolic Interaction Our toys

7. Socialization into Gender Roles Feminine  Nurturers  Dependent  Attractive = Looks Masculine  Doers  Independent  Attractive = Achievement

8. Socialization Erving Goffman and the Presentation of the Self  Dramaturgy—Social Interaction as Theatre  Impression management  Front Stage  Back Stage

9. Stereotypes Deeply influence how we act Form expectations  shapes actions Person receiving our actions forms ideas of how we’re thinking (looking- glass self) Person’s behavior changes to match expectations, conform to stereotype

10. Functionalism Male dominance rooted in biological and social factors Response to warfare Response to childbearing Theoretical Analysis of Social Problem

11. Conflict Theory Power, privilege and resources Who has ownership? Equality attained only when men yield Theoretical Analysis of Social Problem

12. Natural differences between the sexes  Biological differences?  SAT scores, aggressive behavior  Biological differences? Socialization?  Does socialization reinforce biological differences? Research Findings

13. Discrimination  “ You throw like a girl.”  Devaluation  discrimination  Education: college example Research Findings

14. Table 9.2 (p. 294) Doctorates in Science, by Sex

15. Agents of Socialization Mass Media

16. Socialization Mass Media  One female for every two males on prime time television.  Video games, one female for every seven males

17. Socialization Mass Media  How realistic are portrayals of women?

18. Socialization Mass Media  Breaking the mold

19. Research Findings Working world  Gender pay gap

20. Figure 9.3 (p. 299) How Much Will You Earn? Cash Penalties and Rewards for Being Male or Female Source: By the author, based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2003: Table 230.

21. Research Findings Working world  Gender pay gap  Employers value maleness  Dual labor market

22. Gender Inequality Glass Ceiling  Who is in leadership?  Iron Law of Oligarchy

23. Gender Inequality CEOs for Fortune 500 list (2006):

24. Gender Inequality Women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies:  10 out of 500 (2%)  Sara Lee Corp. President and CEO: Brenda Barnes

25. Gender Inequality Glass Ceiling  Who is in leadership?  Iron Law of Oligarchy  Lack of mentors  Stereotype of “support role”  Breaking through the glass ceiling

26. Gender Inequality Glass Escalator  Gender driven  Men in traditionally female jobs  Given promotions  Higher pay  Higher job position  ex. Sociology faculty: CSUF, Fullerton College