1. The legendary founders of Rome; Romulus and Remus
Aim: Did the rise of Rome affect the Mediterranean for the better or for the worse?
Period Two 600 BCE – 600 CE
NY State Standards 2, 3, 4
Common Core RS 5, 6, 9, WS 1
The legendary founders of Rome; Romulus and Remus

3. I Geography of the Italian Peninsula
A) Italy is a peninsula located next to the Mediterranean Sea. B) Rome is in center of Italy, and consisted of 7 hills. C) UNLIKE Greece, Italy is not broken up into isolated valleys. (The Apennine Mountains and the Alps are less rugged than the mountains in Greece) D) Main Rivers: Tiber, Po & Arno
Apennine Mountains
Tiber River

4. II Roman Beginnings
A) The Latins migrated to Italy 800 BCE and settled by the Tiber river valley. Most were farmers. B) However, others already lived by the Tiber River, including Greeks and Etruscans (originally from Asia Minor). The Romans adopted ideas and beliefs from both of these cultures. - From the Etruscans: Engineering (including how to construct an arch) - From the Greeks: Greek polytheistic religion, art, philosophy, the Greek alphabet
Wealthy Etruscans liked to be buried in replicas of their own homes. On the left an Etruscan husband and wife were buried together.

6. Roman Beginnings Continued…
Etruscan Arch

7. The Legend of Romulus and Remus
Rhea was married to Mars, the Roman god of war. Rhea had twin sons. Due to plots by other gods to harm her sons, she set them adrift on the Tiber, hoping someone would find them. First they were found by a she-wolf who fed them. Then a shepherd and his wife adopted the boys. As the twins grew older, they decided they didn’t want to be shepherds; they wanted to be kings. They decided to build a city on the shores of the Tiber. They quarreled as they both decided they wanted to be the sole King. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up a rock, killed Remus, and made himself king. Thus, began the city of Rome.

8. Rape of the Sabine Women
According to the Roman historian Livy, Romulus asked the neighbors of Rome to allow their women to marry Roman men. The neighbors said no. Romulus then arranged a religious festival and invited his neighbors. When everyone was drunk, the Romans grabbed the women. It wasn’t all bad; Romulus promised the women citizenship and happy marriages!

9. III The Roman Monarchy 753 BCE - 509 BCE
From 753 BCE to 509 BCE, the legendary Roman monarchy ruled, of which there were said to be seven rulers, from Romulus to Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.
The Latins drove out the last Etruscan King in 509 BCE. They created the first Republic to prevent any one person from gaining too much power.
The Roman Forum was built
A Republic is a type of democratic government where the citizens vote for a someone to represent them.

10. How did the Roman Republic have checks and balances?
IV The Roman Republic
The Roman Republic was controlled by 300 senators who served for life.
B) Each year the Senate elected 2 consuls. Consuls served one term, supervised government workers and commanded the army. *Each consul could veto the other.
C) During war, the Senate could elect a dictator, a ruler with absolute power for 6 months.
All of these positions could only be filled by members of the patrician class (the most wealthy).
How did the Roman Republic have checks and balances?
Recall that Athens created the first democracy in the 5th century BCE. As Rome’s population was much bigger than Athens, a direct democracy was not possible.

12. The Roman Republic Continued…
D) The plebeians (members of the lower class) began to protest their lack of power in the Roman Republic. This led to 2 major changes. 1. By 494 BCE plebeians could elect a tribune (who could veto [stop] laws) BCE the 12 Tables (Roman laws engraved on tablets, and divided into 12 tables or sections) was placed in the Roman Forum (marketplace).

13. Excerpts from the 12 Tables
Table III Section 1 One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed. Table IV Section 1 A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. Table V Section 1 Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority [reached the age of adulthood]. Table XI Section 1 Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.

14. IV Roman Expansion The Appian Way
By 270 BCE Rome had expanded into all of the Italian peninsula. They did this by
Building a road system that connected all Roman land
Having an efficient and well paid army
Making most of its conquered people citizens, and respecting local culture and traditions. *The condition was that all citizens had to pay taxes, perform military service in wartime, and pay allegiance to the Roman government.
They fought the Phoenicians in the Punic Wars for control of the Mediterranean.
The Appian Way

15. Roman Expansion Continued…
The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. and ending with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage–a powerful city-state in northern Africa–had established itself as the leading maritime power in the world. The First Punic War broke out in 264 B.C. when Rome interfered in a dispute on the Carthaginian-controlled island of Sicily; the war ended with Rome in control of both Sicily and Corsica and marked the empire's emergence as a naval as well as a land power. In the Second Punic War, the great Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy and scored great victories at Lake Trasimene and Cannae before his eventual defeat at the hands of Rome's Scipio Africanus in 202 B.C. left Rome in control of the western Mediterranean and much of Spain. In the Third Punic War, the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured and destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning Africa into yet another province of the mighty Roman Empire. –history.com

16. The Phoenician Empire BEFORE the Punic Wars

17. Carthage Harbor

18. Hannibal, The Man Who Almost Defeated Rome
Hannibal was the leader of the Phoenicians during the 2nd Punic War. He surprised Rome by coming by land across the Alps on horses and elephants. He had hoped to gain the help of Rome’s enemies, but he could not find many, as Rome tended to treat its conquered people well. Hannibal almost won the war, until Rome changed strategy and attacked his home-city of Carthage. Hannibal returned to Carthage, where he was defeated. In revenge, the Romans destroyed Carthage and salted the ground so nothing would grow for years.

19. The Roman World at the End of the Punic Wars, 2nd Century BCE

20. The Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage
Wars and
Dates
Causes
Actions
Results
1st Punic
War
B.C.
Carthage expansion/ control of Sicily
Growing power of Rome
Carthage = strong navy, Rome = strong army
Carthage able to blockade Roman troops in Sicily, until Rome strengthens navy.
Rome adds a corvus (bridge) to its ships
This turns sea battles into land battles – Rome’s advantage
Rome wins & gains control of Sicily
Carthage must pay huge indemnity (payment for damages)
2nd Punic
War
218 – 201
B.C.
The Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca invades Spain with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, & 60 elephants.
He crosses the Alps & invades italy from the north.
Hannibal defeats Roman armies on the Italian Peninsula for 15 years.
Hannibal’s greatest victory was at Cannae – he destroyed the Roman legions.
He could not take city of Rome.
Roman general Scipio attacks Carthage – forces Hannibal to return home.
Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama.
Rome wins
Carthage gives up all territories including Spain
Pays another indemnity
Signs treaty not to expand, rebuild military, or declare war
Revenge for 1st Punic War
Hannibal (Carthaginian general) invades Spain and conquers Roman ally of Saguntum.
3rd Punic
War
149 – 146
B.C.
Increasing prosperity of Carthage
Roman hatred and mistrust of Carthage
Carthage is destroyed and burned
People are killed or sold into slavery
Salt is sowed into the soil
Rome controls all of the western Med.

21. V Results of Roman Expansion
After the Punic Wars, many farms were abandoned or turned into apartment buildings for the poor.
Rome began to import grain and luxury goods from across the empire. This led to debt.
The Roman Republic was becoming less democratic and more like an oligarchy. (Power was being concentrated in the hands of a few families).
Civil War

22. Focus Questions
What is the difference between the legend of Romulus and Remus, and the actual founding of Rome?
How was the Roman Republic similar to Athenian democracy? How was it different? Which system of government do you think is better and why?
Describe the main events (or make a flow chart) that led to the expansion of Rome. How did the expansion of Rome change life in the Mediterranean? Was it for the better or worse?

23. Key Vocabulary 12 Tables Phoenicians Apennine Mountains Plebeians
Arno River
Po River
Carthage
Punic Wars
Consul
Republic
Dictator
Rome
Etruscans
Senate
Hannibal
Tiber River
Latins
Tribune
Oligarchy
Veto
Patricians