2. Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)  Japan easily advanced into China  Chinese military incompetence made victory easy for Japan  Hyper-nationalism and Bushido/Shinto ideals led to an army that could survive all conditions

3. Bushido  “Warrior’s code”  Severe emphasis on soldierly qualities  Glorification of battle and death  Service became highest honor in Japan.

4. Birth of totalitarian empire  Mixture of Bushido and Shinto (state worship)  Social elites, bureaucracy, nobility, military in control  Political assassination became common place  Army and navy fought resource war against each other. Emperor Hirohito

5. Army-Navy “Game”  Army and navy had prejudices against each other  Sought to horde resources, manpower, and the emperor's attention.  Resulted in two semi-feudal states  War in China solved the issue

6. “Northern Strategy”  Dedicated resources to building aircraft and weapons for war with China  “Northern strategy” Conquer better parts of China and then defeat USSR Nazi –Germany made good ally as both were anti-communist Known as the “army’s war”

7. Failure of the “Northern Strategy”  1939  Two failures: Despite battlefield success, no progress made against Chinese resistance Army defeated by Soviet’s  USSR signs Non-Aggression treaty with Germany  Northern Strategy fails

8. “Southern Strategy”  Focus shifted to supporting the navy, building battleships/carriers  Establish series of overseas possessions in Pacific & SE Asia  Navy would have to fight British, Dutch, French, and United States  War in Europe occupied the first three, focus was on USA

9. Why attack the United States?  President FDR placed embargo on scrap metal & oil to Japan  Japan had no oil, must import supply.  Without oil, the army would have to withdraw from China  Militaristic government would not allow that

11. What if Japan had not attacked Pearl Harbor?  Conspiracy theories began to form immediately after the attack  Similar to 9/11 attacks “FDR/Bush had to know the attack was coming! How could Americans be surprised by an attack on our soil?!?!” “FDR/Bush used this as a reason to go to war with the Japanese/Iraq!!!”  Lack of evidence proving the attacks were surprises only fueled the fire

12.  Would the United States have entered the war?  How might the war, international relations, and U.S. domestic (home) history been different?  Consider: defeat of axis powers use of nuclear weapons Internment of Japanese Americans FDR’s reelection in 1944 Course of Great Depression The Cold War What if Japan had not attacked Pearl Harbor?

13.  With your partner, craft a scenario that details what would have happened.  Consider each of the factors listed in your handout  Be prepared to discuss your scenario with the class What if Japan had not attacked Pearl Harbor?

14. Despite your scenarios…  …the attack did happen…and US history and foreign relations were altered forever…

15. Aftermath of “Infamy”  2,403 Americans killed, 1,178 wounded  5 battleships, 3 cruisers, 188 aircraft destroyed  US fleet had insufficient ability to wage war for over a year  US declared war on Japan, Germany declares war on US.

17. Why was the attack so devastating?  Military not placed on high alert  No torpedo nets in harbor  No scout aircraft on patrol  Anti-aircraft guns unmanned  Army aircraft placed close together to prevent sabotage rather than attack

18. Why did the attack happen?  Absence of centralized intelligence assessment  Lack of trained analysts  Lack of resources for intelligence providers  Underserviced rivalry (army vs. navy)  What does this demonstrate about international relations?