1. Immigrants, Industry and the City

2. Background of Industrial Revolution War of 1812 Transportation Revolution Textiles Artifical Power Mechanization of Production Replaceable Parts Factory Production Destruction of the Artisan Class

3. Inventing Technology Thomas Edison Chemistry –Charles Goodyear (Vulcanization of Rubber) -- 1839 –John Wesley Hyatt--Celluloid--1863 –Leo Hendrik Baekeland -- Bakelite -- 1909 –DuPont Corporation Information Technology

4. Rising Industry Agriculture –$1.5 billion in 1870; $7.5 billion by 1919 Fuels Infrastructure Rising Factories: –1859: 140,000 –1914: 268,000

5. Industry Steel –Bessemer Steel and Open Hearth Techniques –Applications –Rise: 13,000 tons in 1860 --> 1910: 28 million Andrew Carnegie Meatpacking and other Processed Foods

6. The Corporations Outlives its founders Limited liability of owners Fictive Legal Person Vertical Integration –Meatpacking Horizontal Integration –Standard Oil

7. Financing the Industrial Revolution Greenbacks Silver Rise of Wall Street Bonds Mergers –Pools –Trusts –Holding Companies

8. Changes in Retailing Fixed Prices Replace Haggling General Store Department Store Chain Store Mail-Order House

9. Creation of Modern Labor Force 1870-1900 Transition Undercutting Artisans Multi-Job Families Unsafe Conditions Wage Issues Work Insecurity Long Hours

10. Female Labor 1880: 2.6 of 17.4 million workers are women 1900: 85% of female labor are unmarried and 25 or younger No Family Wage Inadequate Female Wages

11. Limited Professions Teachers Nurses Social Work –Social Housekeeping Domestics

12. Child Labor 4% of non-farm workforce in 1900 Due to inadequacy of Adult Wages Protests begin in 1890

13. Women’s Entertainments

14. Business Ethics: The Self-Made Man The Algerian Dream Personal Property and Self Mastery Roots in American Experience

15. Business Ethics: Crush Everyone Else Laisez Faire Social Darwinism Contradictions: –Big Businesses had hard to overcome edge –Businesses loved government help--for them. –Businessmen hated competition and loved monopolies...if they ran them.

16. The Gospel of Wealth Andrew Carnegie Advocated intelligent philanthrophy Creation of institutions of self-improvement Discouraged redistribution of wealth and poverty assistance charities Rejected leaving your fortune to your kids –Say no to Paris Hilton, etc.

17. Unions National Labor Union (1865-1873) Knights of Labor (1871-1932) American Federation of Labor (1886- ) Strikes Great Uprising / 1877 Railroad Strike Homestead Steel Strike (1892) 1900: 7% of workers (3/4ths were AFL)

18. Supreme Court Backs Big Business Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) Munn vs. Illinois (1877) Santa Clar Co. V. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company vs. Illinois (1886) Pollock v. Farmers Loan and Trust Company (1895)

19. First Efforts at Regulation Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) –1897 Maximum Freight Rates Case Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) –United States vs. E. C. Knight (1895)

20. Immigration

21. Immigrants: Western US Japanese: 50,000 by 1900 –Farm Labor Chinese: 125,000 by 1882 –Mining, Railroads, and Support Businesses –Called California ‘Gold Mountain’ –“Chinese Food”

22. Chinese Gold Miners

23. Eastern US Immigration Italians Jews Slavs Greeks Many are Catholic or Greek Orthodox

24. Greek Immigrants in Ethnic Dress

25. Immigrant Communities Women’s Roles Ghettos / Ethnic Neighborhoods Religion and Fraternal Organizations Linguistic Enclaves

26. Italian Society Parade

27. Internal Migration The Push West –1900: The Frontier Closes “The Great Migration” –Moving North –Work Opportunities –Ghettos –Communal Institutions

28. The American City: Growth 1860: 25 million Rural / 6.2 mil Urban 1910: 50 million Rural / 42 mil Urban –3 Cities: 1 million + –5: 500,000 - 999,000 New Immigrants Rural Migration

29. The American City: Neighborhood Specialization Districting Suburbs Urban Transportation: –Streetcards –Elevated Rail –Electric Streetcar –Subways –Effects

30. Problems Wastes –Improved Sewage –1910: 10 out of 42 million Americans have access to clean water Tenements –Poorly made –Poorly insulated –No fire codes –Cramped

31. Crime Mostly Urban Murders Quadruple (Lead?) Slums Prostitution –Regulators –White Slavery Panic –Anti-Vice Crusaders

32. Political Machines Urban Immigrants Bosses Corruption Social Services Upper Class Protest

33. New Urban Architecture Technology Skyscrapers Style Louis Sullivan

34. Education Innovators Country vs. City Rise of High Schools Classical vs. Modern Curricula Assimilation Universities –Land Grant and Co-Ed Universities

35. Sports: Baseball 1840: NYC Area Pro Ball: 1869--Cincinnati Red Stockings National League (1880s) - 8 million spectators / year 1899: American League 1903: First World Series (Boston Americans (AL) vs Pittsburgh Pirates (NL), 5-3 games.

36. Entertainment Theatre: Melodrama --> Realism Music Orchestras Black Music (Ragtime) New Theatre Forms

37. Motion Pictures Thomas Edison (1890s) 1895: First projected movies 1903: Great Train Robbery -- First full story 1905: 3,000 movie theatres 1914: 13,000 movie theatres / 5-7 million patrons a day

38. Sports Urban Need for Exercise and Entertainment Basketball (1891) Bicycling (1890s) Blue Laws Boxing (Jack Johnson 1908) Football Male Dominated