1. Chapter 19- French Revolution Progression of Governments in France (1789-1799) ? + Until 1789: King Louis XIV was the monarch for France and was a symbol of the old regime. France held massive wealth in the first and second estates that couldn’t be accessed by the king; Calonne, the finance minister, attempted to grasp the wealth with taxes, but he failed to do so. The Estates General was called because they were the only body able to legally tax France, as said by the Parlement of Paris. June-July 1789: The National Assembly was the Third Estate along with a few clergy members. The NA was a provisional government and decided to write a constitution after the Tennis Court Oath. June 1789- September 1791: The National Assembly renamed itself the National Constituent Assembly, which ruled as a provisional government. Soon after being created, Louis XIV attempted to retake power, and the Bastille fell. Louis’s attempt caused speculation, leading to the Great Fear (causing more peasant revolts unable to be controlled). NCA members renounced feudal rights in August of 1789. The Women’s March on Versailles showed the weakness of the royal family as the family was moved to Paris. They wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the Constitution on 1791. Women were not given expected rights, leading to feminists such as Olympe de Gouges. The Catholic Church was made secular in the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (refractory members created). New departements were established. Émigrés activity grew because counter-revolutionists were everywhere along the French borders. The Declaration of Pillnitz gave support to the royal family from other nations, but it was false support (Britain wouldn’t agree) October 1791-1792: The NCA members established the Legislative Assembly (no NCA members allowed). Members of the LA tried to continue the constitutional monarchy, but they weren’t very successful. The Girondists took over, declared war on Austria, and caused desire for a republic. Sans-culottes wanted a republic, too. “” + +

2. 1795-1799: The Directory ruled France as established by the Convention with the Constitution of the Year III. The executive Directory of five elite members was accompanied by two legislative houses. The sans-culottes were suppressed, the constitution limited some voting, the two- thirds rule was created, and Catholic Royalists were gaining popularity, all of which caused issues for the weak Directory. The five members rarely agreed as they were from separate political groups, so very little was solved. Estates General First Estate: Clergy members and some very wealthy families. Owned 10% of the land, but less than 1% of population. Second Estate: Nobility members. Exempt from taxes along with First Estate, and collected feudal dues from peasants. Third Estate: Bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasants. Were 98% of population with 40% of land. Paid taille (tax on agricultural goods) and gabelle (salt tax). The Bourgeoisie was the most upset with the set-up because they were denied good jobs and wanted political and social rights to go along with their economic status. Writers and Philosophers Abbe Sieyes:Wrote a pamphlet that showed the upset Third Estate’s feelings about wanting to be noticed and taken seriously. Olympe de Gouges: Feminist writer who wrote the Declaration of Rights of Woman to emphasize the need for women’s rights. Pauline Leon:Woman advocate for the rights to bear arms and fight for the revolution (for women). September 1792-October 1795: The LA created the Convention that was elected by universal male suffrage to write a democratic constitution. Officially, the Convention created a republic. Laws were guided by Jacobins (the Mountain) and sans-culottes. The Reign of Terror began in 1793. Edmund Burke’s books claimed that this new government was weak and irrational. The Convention brought France into war with Austria, Britain, and others of the First Coalition by attempting to spread the revolution. The Committee of Public Safety (led by Danton) was created and was given a kind of dictatorial power (republicans) with Robespierre in charge. The Thermidorian Reaction (lessen Reign of Terror extremism) also occurred under the Convention, as did the White Terror (execution by aristocrats of leaders of the Reign of Terror). “”“”