2. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… -- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities

3. The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

4. Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children

5. The Necklace Scandal YCardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan YThe Countess de LaMotte 1,600,000 livres [$100 million today]

6. Let Them Eat Cake! YMarie Antoinette NEVER said that! Y“Madame Deficit” Y“The Austrian Whore”

7. Socio-Economic Data, 1789

8. The French Urban Poor

9. Urban Commoner’s Budget:Urban Commoner’s Budget: –Food 80% –Rent 25% –Tithe 10% –Taxes 35% –Clothing 20% –TOTAL 170% King’s Budget:King’s Budget: –Interest 50% –Army 25% –Versailles 25% –Coronation 10% –Loans 25% –Admin. 25% –TOTAL 160% Financial Problems in France, 1789

10. French Budget, 1774

11. Where is the tax money?

12. Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

13. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates 1 1 1

14. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head! 300 648

15. Third Estate Three groups –Bourgeoisie: artisans, merchants. High income but high taxes. Educated in Enlightenment ideas –Urban workers: poor, often unemployed, often hungry –Peasants: half of their income was paid to nobles, paid tithes, paid taxes to King.

16. Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

17. “The Third Estate Awakens”

18. “The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

19. Lettres de Cachet YThe French king could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal. YA carte-blanche warrant. YCardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of Louis XV! YEliminated in 1790.

20. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789

21. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt July 20, 1789

22. March of the Women, October 5-6, 1789 We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!

23. National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791 August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité! V Equality & Meritocracy

24. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen! Citizen!

25. The Tricolor is the Fashion!

26. The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

27. Revolutionary Playing Cards

28. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789

29. Planting the Tree of Liberty 1790

30. The Confiscation of Church Lands 1790

31. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy The Civil Constitution of the Clergy July 12, 1790 Jurying vs. Non-Jurying [refractory] Clergy

32. Assignats V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.

33. Depreciation of the Assignat fThey were backed by the sale of Church lands.

34. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

35. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government YThe king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years]. * he could not pass laws. * his ministers were responsible for their own actions. YA permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. * had the power to grant taxation. YAn independent judiciary. Y“Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] vs. “Passive” Citizen. YA newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

36. Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793) Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen (1791)

37. “Must” Reads: Important Books & Pamphlets of the French Revolution