1. Lab Review Lab Safety Exercises 1-7

2. Lab Safety z Name and Explain the 9 rules of Laboratory Set-up. z Name and Explain the 6 rules of Laboratory Clean-up

3. Exercise 1: The Microscope z What was the purpose of the exercise? z Explain how each part of the microscope works. yLight source yCondenser yKnob yIris diaphragm yStage ySlide clip yStage adjustment knobs (lower, upper) yObjectives yRevolving nose piece yBody tube yOcular yBase yDiaphragm lever

4. Exercise 1 cont. z How do you focus the microscope? y1. y2. y3. y4. yThen, 5. y6. & up

5. Exercise 1 cont. zImportant calculations yTotal magnification xDefinition xFormula xCalculate the Total magnification for: Ocular power 55 Ocular power 26 Ocular power 101

6. Exercise 1 cont. zCont. Important Calculations yResolving Power xDefinition xFormula xCalculate Resolving Power: Numerical Aperture 0.28 Numerical Aperture 0.0051 Numerical Aperture 32.6

7. Exercise 1 cont. zDefine the following terms yField of view yParfocal yResolving Power ybinocular yCondenser yBrightfield yIris diaphragm

8. Exercise 2: Observation of Microorganisms z What is the purpose of the exercise? z Define microorganisms z Name the two divisions of microorganisms z Describe the characteristics of an Eukaryote z Describe the characteristics of a Prokaryotes

9. Eukaryotes Protozoans Algae Class Sarcodina Class Mastigophora Class Ciliophora Class Chlorophyta Class Bacillariophyta Class Euglenophyco phyta

10. Exercise 2 cont. z What are the characteristics of the protozoans? z What are the characteristics of the Class Sarcodina? z Give an example of a member of the Class Sarcodina (hint: see picture)

11. z Describe the characteristics of the Class Mastigophora z Give an example (hint: see picture) yCharacteristics of this microorganism yHow do you contract this microorganisms? yWhat are the symptoms? Exercise 2 cont.

12. z Give another example of the Class Mastigophora (Hint: see picture) z Characteristics of this microorganism Exercise 2 cont.

13. z Describe the characteristics of the class Ciliophora z Give an example (hint: see picture) Exercise 2 cont.

14. z Describe the characteristics of the Algae z Describe the characteristics of the Class Chlorophyta yGive an example (hint: see picture) Exercise 2 cont.

15. z Describe the characteristics of the Class Bacillariophyta z Give an example (hint: see picture) Exercise 2 cont.

16. z Describe the characteristics of the Class Euglenophycophyta z Give an example (hint: see picture) Exercise 2 cont.

17. Prokaryotes Eubacteria Cyanobacteria

18. z Describe Characteristics of Eubacterias z Describe charcteristics of Cyanobacterium z Give an example (hint: see picture) yGive some characteristics of this microorganism Exercise 2 cont.

19. z Give another example of Cyanobacterium (hint: see picture) yGive some characteristics of this microorganism Exercise 2 cont.

20. z The picture shows the typical arrangement of Staphylococcus aureus. z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

21. z The picture shows typical characteristics of Streptococcus spp. z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

22. z The picture describe the typical characteristics of Micrococcus luteus. z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

23. z The picture shows the typical characteristics of Listeria spp. z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

24. z The picture show the characteristics of Neiseria gonorrheae. z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

25. z The picture shows the typical characteristics of Acinetobacter spp. z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

26. z The picture shows the typical characteristics of E coli z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

27. z The picture shows the typical characteristics of Haemophillus influenzae z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

28. z The picture shows the typical charcteristics of Vibrio cholerae z List the characteristics shown Exercise 2 cont.

29. z Thin Needle shape of Fusiobacterium z What characteristics are shown in the picture? Exercise 2 cont.

30. z The picture shows the typical shape of Leptospira spp. z What is it? Exercise 2 cont.

31. Exercise 3: Preparing Bacterial Media z Describe the purpose of this exercise z What is a fastidious heterotrophs? z What are the ingredients of the Trypticase Soy agar?

32. Exercise 3 cont. z What is agar? z What are the characteristics of the agar? z What is a buffer? z What is the importance of the buffer?

33. Exercise 3 cont. zCalculate the amount of agar needed yIf you wish to make 800 ml of agar and the directions on the bottle call for 30 gr/L yIf you wish to make 45 ml of agar and the directions on the bottle call for 25.3 gr/L yIf you wish to make 2L of agar and the directions on the bottle call for 33 gr/L

34. Exercise 4: Ubiquity of Microorganisms z Give the purpose of this exercise z What is the purpose of swabing an area of the Petri dish with sterile water only? What does it mean if there is growth in this area? z Why we did not swab an area of the agar plate? What does it mean if there is growth in this area?

35. Exercise 4 cont. zWhy are plates incubated in the inverted position? zWhy do we incubated plates at 37C?

36. Exercise 5: Morphological Study and Simple Stain z Describe the purpose of this exercise z Define the term colony and give some characteristics of a colony z Why we use dyes or stains?

37. Exercise 5 cont. z Explain what is a Cationic Dye and give some examples z Explain what is an Anionic Dye and give an example z Give the procedure for preparing a smear for staining

38. Exercise 6: Gram Stain z What is the purpose of the exercise? z Define differential stain and give an example z Explain the procedure for Gram stain z Compare Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria

39. Exercise 6 cont. z Explain the theory behind gram staining z Which stain is the primary stain in the Gram stain? z Which stain is the secondary stain in the Gram stain? z What is the purpose of the iodine in the Gram stain? z What is the purpose of the alcohol in the Gram stain?

40. Exercise 7: Aseptic Technique z Describe the purpose of the exercise. z Define the following terms: ypure culture ymedium ysterile medium yinoculum yaseptic technique

41. Exercise 7 cont. yDescribe the procedure for aseptic removal of microorganisms yDescribe the aseptic transfer of microorganisms yDescribe the procedure for inoculation of an agar stab yDescribe the procedure for inoculation of an agar slant yDescribe the procedure for inoculation of an agar plate