1. Pennsylvania Biomass Energy Opportunities

2. Co-firing Biomass with Coal The opportunity to burn biomass with coal to produce electricity is better in PA than in any other state based simply on the number of coal fired electric plants and their proximity to biomass production.

3. Co-firing Plantation Produced Woods Reasons to select Hybrid Willow or Poplar –Fast growth rate –Multiple crops –Wildlife habitat –Green energy credits –CRP payments

4. Problems Associated with Hybrid Willow and Poplar Pests- Diseases, Insects and Weeds Special Equipment needs and Failures Lower BTU Values (1/2 of Coal) Growth and Production on Marginal Land

5. Co-firing Warm Season Grasses (Switchgrass) Reasons for Selecting Switchgrass –Perennial species lasting up to 20 years –Carbon Sequestration –Wildlife Habitat –Conservation Crop(CRP) –Vigorous on pool soils –Conventional harvest methods –No-till planting –Potential cellulose for ethanol

6. Problems with Switchgrass Needs to be chopped and mixed with coal just prior to Burning Hard to mix with coal Hard to establish Lower BTU value Limited harvest (3Years) Low value of fuel at plant

7. Anaerobic Digestion Methane Digestors Benefits –Manure odor reduction –Reduces manure transport –Resource Separation –Ease of Handling Water –Electricity production –Compost production –Green / Brown energy credits

8. Methane Digestor Problems Initial construction costs Feasible for large operations Low KWH payments for electric sales Handling water portion from the digestor

9. Food / Industrial Processing Digestors Benefits of Digestion –Removes waste from process –Generates electricity to offset costs –On site production –Water recycling –Green energy credits

10. Impediments of Processing Digestors Requires space at facility Expense Residue disposal net metering requirements New management and process

11. Waste Wood Opportunites Wood Heat for Industrial Uses Wood Heat for Greenhouses Wood Heat for Schools Urban Waste Wood Wood Gasification Bio-oils

12. Ethanol Pennsylvania Ethanol Opportunities –Uses some local corn –Produces distillers grain for animal feed –Produces CO2 for local markets –Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) –Site selection opportunities

13. Concerns for Ethanol Fear of corn over production Conservation concerns Taking a food / feed to make fuel Feed industry resistance Concerns for plant

14. Biodiesel Opportunities –Currently produced from multiple sources –Soybean meal is produced currently –Can use yellow and brown grease –Reduced sulfur emission –Improved engine performance –Local use

15. Concerns for Biodiesel Elevated Nox (nitrogen oxides) in air Loss of soybean meal Can oils be better used for cooking or cosmetics Non ASTM certified oils Ability to tax locally produced fuel