1. AN URBAN SOCIETY

2. The Lure of the City
City becomes a symbol of the new America between
Explosive urban growth
sources included immigration, movement from countryside
six cities over 500,000 by 1900

3. Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding
Tenements house urban dwellers
Tenement problems
inadequate sanitation
poor ventilation
polluted water
Urban problems
poor public health
juvenile crime

4. Strangers in a New Land
By 1900 most urban dwellers foreign-born or children of immigrants
1880s--eastern, southern European immigrants prompt resurgent Nativism
Nativist organizations try to limit immigration

5. Immigration to the United States, 1870-1900

6. Immigrants and the City: Families and Ethnic Identity
More children born to immigrants than to
native-born Americans

7. Immigrants and the City: Institutions
Immigrant associations
preserve old country language and customs
aid the process of adjustment
Immigrant establish religious, educational institutions, media which preserve traditions

8. The House That Tweed Built
Urban party machines headed by “bosses”
some bosses notoriously corrupt, e.g. William Tweed of New York City
most trade services for votes
Most bosses improve conditions in cities

9. Social and Cultural Change 1877-1900
End of Reconstruction marks shift of attention to new concerns
Population growth
million
million
1900 population more diverse
Urbanization, industrialization changing all aspects of American life

10. Urban and Rural Population, 1870-1900 (in millions)

11. Manners and Mores Victorian morality dictates dress, manners
Protestant religious values strong

12. Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness among Women
"New women"--self-supporting careers
Demand an end to gender discrimination

13. Educating the Masses Few students reach the sixth grade
Segregation, poverty compound problems of Southern education
1896—Plessy v. Ferguson allows "separate but equal" schools

14. Higher Education Colleges and universities flourish
Greater emphasis on professions, research
More women achieve college education

15. Higher Education: African Americans
African Americans usually confined to all-black institutions like Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Booker T. Washington--accommodate racism, concentrate on practical education
W.E.B. DuBois--demand quality, integrated education

16. The Stirrings of Reform
Social Darwinists (life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by "survival of the fittest" )
see attempts at social reform as useless and harmful
Reformers begin to seek changes in US

17. Progress and Poverty
Henry George (reformer and economist) the rich getting richer, the poor, poorer
George’s solution: tax land, wealth’s source