1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Toward An Urban Society, 1877–1900 19

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 2 Context The Age of Monopolies, Trusts, Big Labor, and Big Cities In the late nineteenth century, American Society was increasingly dominated by large urban centers. Explosive urban growth was accompanied by often disturbing changes, including the New Immigration, crowded slums, new religious outlooks, and conflicts over culture and values. Cities also offered new opportunities and new perspectives, especially to women.

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Lure of the City City becomes a symbol of the new America between 1870–1900 Explosive urban growth –Sources included immigration, movement from countryside –Six cities over 500,000 by 1900

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Urban and Rural Population, 1870–1900 (in millions)

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Skyscrapers and Suburbs Steel permits construction of skyscrapers Streetcars allow growth of suburbs Streetcar cities allow more fragmented and stratified city –Middle-class residential rings surrounding business and working-class core

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 6 Urbanization Immigration Industrialization

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding Tenements house working class James Ware and dumbbell design Tenement problems: –Overcrowding – Inadequate sanitation – Poor ventilation – Polluted water

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 8 Dumbbell Tenement http://www.archives.gov/research/american-cities/images/american-cities-034.jpg http://www.edteck.com/dbq/dbquest/quest11.htm

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Strangers in a New Land 1890: 15% of U.S. population was foreign- born Most immigrants moved for economic reasons and entered through Ellis Island By 1900, most urban dwellers foreign-born or children of immigrants

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 10 Immigrants: Who are they? Old Immigration = (Ireland + Germany) VS. New Immigration = (Southern Europe – Italians, Greeks + Central Europe – Slavs, Poles, Russians, Hungarians, etc. ) RESULT: US is increasingly diverse: we come from more countries and more religions, esp. Catholics and Jews

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Immigration to the United States, 1870–1900

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 12 http://www.dallasfed.org/fed/annual/2001/ar01c.html

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Foreign-born Population, 1890

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 14 ANGEL ISLAND VS. ELLIS ISLAND 1882: Congress starts to restrict immigration  1883 Chinese Exclusion Act 1886: Statue of Liberty. CONTRADICTION?

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Strangers in a New Land 1880s: Eastern, southern European immigrants prompt resurgent nativism Nativist organizations try to limit immigration

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Immigrants and the City: Families and Ethnic Identity Immigrants marry within own ethnic groups More children born to immigrants than to native-born Americans Immigrants establish religious, educational institutions, media to preserve culture/tradition Immigrant associations : – Preserve old country language and customs – Aid the process of adjustment

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The House That Tweed Built Urban party machines headed by “bosses” – Some bosses notoriously corrupt, e.g. William Tweed of New York City – Most trade services for votes – George Washington Plunkitt and “honest graft”

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The House That Tweed Built Why bosses stayed in power: –Good organizational skill –Helped immigrants Most bosses improve conditions in cities

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Social and Cultural Change 1877–1900 End of Reconstruction marks shift of attention to new concerns Population growth –1877: 47 million –1900: 76 million –1900: population more diverse Urbanization, industrialization changing all aspects of American life

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Leisure and Entertainment Domestic leisure: card, parlor, yard games Sentimental ballads, ragtime popular Entertainment outside home – Circus immensely popular – Baseball, football, basketball Street lights, streetcars make evening a time for entertainment and pleasure

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Changes in Family Life Urbanization, industrialization alter family Family life virtually disappears among poorly paid working class Suburban commute takes fathers from middle-class homes Domesticity encouraged, women house- bound, child-oriented consumers White middle-class birth rates decline

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Manners and Mores Victorian morality dictates dress, manners Protestant religious values strong Reform underpinned by Protestantism

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness among Women "New women”: Self-supporting careers Demand an end to gender discrimination Speak openly about once-forbidden topics

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 24 NEW MORALITY & THE NEW WOMAN MOVEMENT Families in industrial era experience sharp increase in divorce rate Birth Control developed  delayed marriage and dropping birth rate Women challenge stereo-types limiting their roles in home and workplace

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 25 NEW MORALITY & THE NEW WOMAN MOVEMENT 1871: Victoria Woodhull argues for “free love” 1873: COUNTER-REACTION  Comstock Law –Targets “obscene pictures and photos” 1898: Charlotte Perkins Gilman publishes Women and Economics 1890: Foundation of National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 26 http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T046212A.gif

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 27 EDUCATION Many colleges for women and minorities are established Teacher colleges are formed Philanthropists fund universities (i.e Johns Hopkins, Vanderbilt, etc.) Adult education begins  Chautaqua Movement

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 28 EDUCATION Americans believe education is THE ANSWER to fixing problems of industrialization and urbanization Public HIGH schools are built at this time Attendance at school (truancy) is enforced Catholic school systems are built

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Educating the Masses Trend is toward universal education: By 1900, 31 states and territories had compulsory education laws Purpose of public education was to train people for life and work in industrial society

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Educating the Masses Teaching unimaginative, learning passive, Webster’s Spellers and McGuffey’s Readers Segregation, poverty compound problems of Southern education 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson allows “separate but equal” schools

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Higher Education Colleges and universities flourish Greater emphasis on professions, research More women achieve college education

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Higher Education: African Americans African Americans usually confined to all- black institutions like Tuskegee Institute in Alabama Booker T. Washington and the practice of accommodation –Concentrate on practical education W.E.B. DuBois: Demand quality, integrated education

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Stirrings of Reform Social Darwinists see attempts at social reform as useless and harmful Reformers begin to seek changes in U.S. living, working conditions

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Progress and Poverty Henry George: The rich getting richer, the poor, poorer George’s solution: Tax land, wealth’s source

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands New Currents in Social Thought Clarence Darrow rejected Social Darwinism, argued poverty at crime’s root Richard T. Ely’s “Younger Economics” urged government intervention in economic affairs Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class asserted that classic economic “laws” were masks for human greed

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands New Currents in Social Thought Liberal Protestants preach “Social Gospel” – Purpose: Reform industrial society – Means: Introduce Christian standards into economic sphere

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 37 Religion in the Cities Most mainstream or old line Protestant churches struggle to address plight of urban poor Catholicism thrives, founds schools and parishes Salvation Army, YMCA and Christian Scientists are formed in this milieu Darwinism undermines literal interpretation of Bible, “modernist” clergy respond.

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 38 Important Folks to Remember: Jane Addams: Reformer, studies social ills, founds Hull House in Chicago in 1889 Mary Baker Eddy: founds Christian Science Ida Wells: writer, activist; tackles lynching and discrimination Booker T. Washington: founds Tuskegee and argues for “accommodation” to white society WEB Du Bois: helps found NAACP, demands equality for “talented tenth” = black community

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Settlement Houses Famous Houses – 1886: Stanton Coit’s Neighborhood Guild, New York – 1889: Jane Addams’ Hull House, Chicago – 1892: Robert A. Woods’ South End House, Boston – 1893: Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement, New York

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Settlement Houses Characteristics – Many workers women – Classical, practical education for poor – Study social composition of neighborhood

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A Crisis in Social Welfare Depression of 1893 reveals insufficiency of private charity New professionalism in social work New efforts to understand poverty’s sources Increasing calls for government intervention Social tensions engender sense of crisis

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 42 Growth (Rise?) of Cities Booming population + immigration = explosive urban development Cities hold best and worst of America: richest of the rich, poorest of the poor Must solve problems of crowding, sanitation, education, and economic development/growth

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 43 Immigrants: Who are they? Assimilation? Many new immigrants form ghettos that preserve customs and languages. Takes several generations to “Americanize” NATIVISM reemerges as a counter- reaction, forms American Protective Association (APA)

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 44 Ida B. Wells Ida B. Wells was a well- known crusader against lynching. (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations) Ida B. Wells Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 45 W.E.B. Du Bois A brilliant young intellectual, W.E.B. Du Bois had to choose between leading the life of a quiet college professor or challenging Booker T. Washington's claim to speak on behalf of all African Americans. (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations) W.E.B. Du Bois Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Pluralistic Society Immigration and urban growth reshaped American politics and culture By 1920, most Americans lived in cities and almost half of them were descendants of people who arrived after the Revolution

47. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Pluralistic Society Society experienced a crisis between 1870 and 1900 Reformers turned to state and federal government for remedies to social ills