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The Roaring 20’s Melissa Carter WMHS APUSH
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Election of 1920 Harding won the election!
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Red Scare 1919-1920 Fear of Communism (“Reds”) “Fighting Quaker” Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer –Sought Reds and radicals –“Palmer Raids” Deportation of Russians Legislation further infringed upon civil rights- (of radicals)
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Unions = Reds = Anarchy Industries banned unions= American Plan Anti-foreignism (xenophobia)/nativism Anti-Communism
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Sacco & Vanzetti Convicted of murder in 1921 Little evidence to support a conviction Men were Italian, atheists, and anarchists Both men were executed in 1927 Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti “Tyranny of the establishment over the poor and politically non- conforming.”
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Ku Klux Klan Resurgence of the Klan in the 1920s Anti-immigrants, anti-black, anti- Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti- Communist……. Pro-WASP, ultraconservative Spread throughout the South (Bible Belt) and Midwest Social organization Music, parades, meetings and rallies
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After gaining over 5 million followers the Klan fell to corruption and scandal during the late 1920s.
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Immigration Restriction “100 percent Americans” were upset at the increase in European immigration post- WWI Emergency Quota Act of 1921 –Set a quota (3%) per nation –Based upon census in 1910 Immigration Act of 1924 –Quotas cut to 2% –Based upon census in 1890
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Both immigration restriction acts favored Northern Europeans Most Asians were shut out completely Canadians and Latin Americans were allowed in Some Americans supported diversity and pluralism
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Prohibition 18 th Amendment & Volstead Act = abolition of alcohol- most popular in the South & West Impossible to enforce Rumrunners and bootleggers Speakeasies
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Evading the law Home distilling –“Home brew” & “bathtub gin” –Sold to speakeasies all over the US –Could result in illness, even death Speakeasies –Passwords and codes –Hidden entrances –Drop shelves to hide liquor –Hidden storage rooms
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Organized Crime Gangsters controlled illicit and many legal businesses in major cities, like Chicago, during the 1920s Violence was common, convictions were not Made millions off the public
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St. Valentine’s Day Massacre 1929 7 men murdered Rival gang Chicago Believed to be the work of Al Capone (Public Enemy #1) - never convicted
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Scopes Trial Teaching of evolution or creation in schools? Southern states outlawed the teaching of evolution (Bible Belt states- large # of Fundamentalists) Tennessee- John Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution to HS students Scopes defended by Clarence Darrow Prosecution: William Jennings Bryan Outcome- Scope was found guilty and but not punished
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“Monkey Trial”
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2 nd Industrial Revolution Increased industrial output and labor force due to technological advances Electricity replaced steam Automatic machinery –Workers as a machine (monotonous) Mass production technique – Fordism –Moving assembly line –Increased productivity by 40%
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Auto Industry Henry Ford Assembly line- 1 car every 10 seconds left the line Ford increased wage scale $5 for 8 hrs. Reduced turnover rate Employed AA Cars more affordable
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Consumerism Demand for new housing Increased automobile ownership= suburbs Increased consumer products on the market Mass advertising Consumption (need for more) “Buying on margin” (credit)- I want it NOW!
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Taking Flight Wright Brothers (Orville and Wilbur) @ Kitty Hawk, NC- 1903 Charles Lindbergh, “Lucky Lindy”- Spirit of St. Louis- first trans-Atlantic flight (NY to Paris)
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Radio Advertising (commercials) Vaudeville comedy Music Baseball and college football games Turned college football into a popular sport
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Movies Celebrities: Charlie Chaplin, Elizabeth Taylor, Mary Pickford, Greta Garbo, Clara Bow Studios: Paramount, Fox, MGM, WB, Universal The Jazz Singer – 1 st movie using sound (talkies) Construction of grand movie houses Concerns: sexual morality of celebrities Led to: censorship of films
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D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation Film released in 1915 Glorified the Klan Reignited feuds between white & black southerners
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Baseball “Sultan of Swat”- Babe Ruth Popular and profitable Baseball becomes a business AA banned from baseball league- formed their own the Negro National League
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Flappers New image of young women Short, bobbed hair Shorter hemlines Smoking and drinking- seen in speakeasies Dancing the charleston Listening to Jazz
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Changing Values Young Americans reject the traditional values of their elders regarding: –Sex….Dress…Public behavior…Religion Embrace the ideas of Sigmund Freud –Repressing sexuality could damage mental and emotional health Margaret Sanger- advocate of birth control Pre-marital sex on the rise Sex used in advertising
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Agriculture Did not see prosperity in the 20’s Farmers: in debt, surplus, dropping prices McNary-Haugen bills –Designed to help stabilize farm prices –Provides for government purchase of surplus produce at a fixed price, then resale to Europe –Vetoed by Coolidge twice
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Jazz Age Rising popularity of Jazz music Dance halls Early career of Louis Armstrong
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Harlem Renaissance Cultural creativity African American community in NYC Development of artists, musicians, authors
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Cultural Contributions F. Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway- A Farewell to Arms Sinclair Lewis- Main Street & Babbitt William Faulkner- The Sound and the Fury & As I Lay Dying Poets: –Langston Hughes, e.e. cummings, T.S. Eliot Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
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Bull Market Booming Economy Get-rich-quick schemes Wild speculation Buying stocks on margin –Pay a down payment now, pay the rest later = in debt
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TWENTIES POLITICS
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Presidents of the Twenties Warren G. Harding- “Return to Normalcy” Calvin Coolidge- “Silent Cal” Herbert Hoover-
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Harding’s Presidency “Ohio Gang” Corruption & Scandal –Teapot Dome Scandal Involved Albert B. Fall and the leasing of government land (with oil) for bribes. Laissez-faire approach toward business Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act- increased the rate to 38.5% (pro-business) Died before term ended
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Foreign Affairs Washington Conference (1921)-talks on naval disarmaments- Belgium, China, France Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Portugal and the Netherlands Five-Power Treaty- US, France, GB and Japan- agreement to respect each other’s territory in the Pacific Nine-Power Treaty- agreement to respect the Open Door policy- guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China
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“Silent Cal” Coolidge Harding’s VP- stepped into office Elected in 1924 Supported limited government & laissez-faire Cut government spending Vetoed bills for: – Bonuses for WWI veterans – McNary-Haugen Bill
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