1. The Roaring 20’s Melissa Carter WMHS APUSH

2. Election of 1920 Harding won the election!

3. Red Scare 1919-1920 Fear of Communism (“Reds”) “Fighting Quaker” Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer –Sought Reds and radicals –“Palmer Raids” Deportation of Russians Legislation further infringed upon civil rights- (of radicals)

4. Unions = Reds = Anarchy Industries banned unions= American Plan Anti-foreignism (xenophobia)/nativism Anti-Communism

5. Sacco & Vanzetti Convicted of murder in 1921 Little evidence to support a conviction Men were Italian, atheists, and anarchists Both men were executed in 1927 Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti “Tyranny of the establishment over the poor and politically non- conforming.”

6. Ku Klux Klan Resurgence of the Klan in the 1920s Anti-immigrants, anti-black, anti- Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti- Communist……. Pro-WASP, ultraconservative Spread throughout the South (Bible Belt) and Midwest Social organization Music, parades, meetings and rallies

7. After gaining over 5 million followers the Klan fell to corruption and scandal during the late 1920s.

8. Immigration Restriction “100 percent Americans” were upset at the increase in European immigration post- WWI Emergency Quota Act of 1921 –Set a quota (3%) per nation –Based upon census in 1910 Immigration Act of 1924 –Quotas cut to 2% –Based upon census in 1890

9. Both immigration restriction acts favored Northern Europeans Most Asians were shut out completely Canadians and Latin Americans were allowed in Some Americans supported diversity and pluralism

10. Prohibition 18 th Amendment & Volstead Act = abolition of alcohol- most popular in the South & West Impossible to enforce Rumrunners and bootleggers Speakeasies

11. Evading the law Home distilling –“Home brew” & “bathtub gin” –Sold to speakeasies all over the US –Could result in illness, even death Speakeasies –Passwords and codes –Hidden entrances –Drop shelves to hide liquor –Hidden storage rooms

12. Organized Crime Gangsters controlled illicit and many legal businesses in major cities, like Chicago, during the 1920s Violence was common, convictions were not Made millions off the public

13. St. Valentine’s Day Massacre 1929 7 men murdered Rival gang Chicago Believed to be the work of Al Capone (Public Enemy #1) - never convicted

14. Scopes Trial Teaching of evolution or creation in schools? Southern states outlawed the teaching of evolution (Bible Belt states- large # of Fundamentalists) Tennessee- John Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution to HS students Scopes defended by Clarence Darrow Prosecution: William Jennings Bryan Outcome- Scope was found guilty and but not punished

15. “Monkey Trial”

16. 2 nd Industrial Revolution Increased industrial output and labor force due to technological advances Electricity replaced steam Automatic machinery –Workers as a machine (monotonous) Mass production technique – Fordism –Moving assembly line –Increased productivity by 40%

17. Auto Industry Henry Ford Assembly line- 1 car every 10 seconds left the line Ford increased wage scale $5 for 8 hrs. Reduced turnover rate Employed AA Cars more affordable

18. Consumerism Demand for new housing Increased automobile ownership= suburbs Increased consumer products on the market Mass advertising Consumption (need for more) “Buying on margin” (credit)- I want it NOW!

19. Taking Flight Wright Brothers (Orville and Wilbur) @ Kitty Hawk, NC- 1903 Charles Lindbergh, “Lucky Lindy”- Spirit of St. Louis- first trans-Atlantic flight (NY to Paris)

20. Radio Advertising (commercials) Vaudeville comedy Music Baseball and college football games Turned college football into a popular sport

21. Movies Celebrities: Charlie Chaplin, Elizabeth Taylor, Mary Pickford, Greta Garbo, Clara Bow Studios: Paramount, Fox, MGM, WB, Universal The Jazz Singer – 1 st movie using sound (talkies) Construction of grand movie houses Concerns: sexual morality of celebrities Led to: censorship of films

22. D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation Film released in 1915 Glorified the Klan Reignited feuds between white & black southerners

23. Baseball “Sultan of Swat”- Babe Ruth Popular and profitable Baseball becomes a business AA banned from baseball league- formed their own the Negro National League

24. Flappers New image of young women Short, bobbed hair Shorter hemlines Smoking and drinking- seen in speakeasies Dancing the charleston Listening to Jazz

25. Changing Values Young Americans reject the traditional values of their elders regarding: –Sex….Dress…Public behavior…Religion Embrace the ideas of Sigmund Freud –Repressing sexuality could damage mental and emotional health Margaret Sanger- advocate of birth control Pre-marital sex on the rise Sex used in advertising

26. Agriculture Did not see prosperity in the 20’s Farmers: in debt, surplus, dropping prices McNary-Haugen bills –Designed to help stabilize farm prices –Provides for government purchase of surplus produce at a fixed price, then resale to Europe –Vetoed by Coolidge twice

27. Jazz Age Rising popularity of Jazz music Dance halls Early career of Louis Armstrong

28. Harlem Renaissance Cultural creativity African American community in NYC Development of artists, musicians, authors

29. Cultural Contributions F. Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway- A Farewell to Arms Sinclair Lewis- Main Street & Babbitt William Faulkner- The Sound and the Fury & As I Lay Dying Poets: –Langston Hughes, e.e. cummings, T.S. Eliot Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright

30. Bull Market Booming Economy Get-rich-quick schemes Wild speculation Buying stocks on margin –Pay a down payment now, pay the rest later = in debt

31. TWENTIES POLITICS

32. Presidents of the Twenties Warren G. Harding- “Return to Normalcy” Calvin Coolidge- “Silent Cal” Herbert Hoover-

33. Harding’s Presidency “Ohio Gang” Corruption & Scandal –Teapot Dome Scandal Involved Albert B. Fall and the leasing of government land (with oil) for bribes. Laissez-faire approach toward business Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act- increased the rate to 38.5% (pro-business) Died before term ended

34. Foreign Affairs Washington Conference (1921)-talks on naval disarmaments- Belgium, China, France Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Portugal and the Netherlands Five-Power Treaty- US, France, GB and Japan- agreement to respect each other’s territory in the Pacific Nine-Power Treaty- agreement to respect the Open Door policy- guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China

35. “Silent Cal” Coolidge Harding’s VP- stepped into office Elected in 1924 Supported limited government & laissez-faire Cut government spending Vetoed bills for: – Bonuses for WWI veterans – McNary-Haugen Bill