1. Organic Halides (Haloalkanes) (Alkyl Halides)
Functional Group #1

2. Structure R-X where R = alkyl group and X = halide (F, Cl, Br, I)
     Cl                    |            CH=C-CH2-CH3 |                     Cl                   
1,2-dichloro-1-butene
bromoethane

3. Prefixes for the first four members of the halogen family
Nomenclature
Fluorine
Fluoro-
Chlorine
Chloro-
Bromine
Bromo-
Iodine
Iodo-
Prefixes for halides are inserted into the name of the structure in the exact same fashion as any alkyl group. Remember to write them in alphabetical order
Prefixes for the first four members of the halogen family

4. Properties The presence of a halide makes the molecule more polar.
Since water is also polar and “like dissolves like”, alkyl halides are soluble in water. The more halides connected to the parent chain, the more polar the molecule.
The polar nature of the molecule means that boiling and melting points of alkyl halides are much higher than alkanes with a similar number of carbons (see pg. 34 in the text)

5. Uses
CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons) are used in refrigerators and air conditioners (ex. Freon) (their use is now restricted due to the fact that some of them damage the ozone layer)
polymers such as Teflon (non-stick surfaces as in cookware) and PVC (polyvinylchloride) used plumbing
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) – now banned pesticide
PCB’s (polychlorinated biphenyls) – electrical transformers

6. Reactions – Preparing Alkyl Halides
Alkenes/Alkynes readily react with halides of acids to form alkyl halides.
C=C and C≡ C are weak bonds that are easily broken making molecules that contain them more reactive than alkanes
Halogenation (by addition)
Ex. C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl
Substitution reactions with Halogens
Ex. benzene + Br → bromobenzene + HBr

7. Markovnikov’s Rule
When Alkene or Alkyne reacts with a hydrogen halide or water the H bonds to the Carbon with the most H already attached. The Rich get Richer! See the

8. Markovnikov’s Rule
Two more examples:

9. Reactions - Reactions with aromatics
Substitution
FeCl3 catalyst
C6H6 + Cl2 ===========> C6H5Cl + HCl chlorobenzene