1. Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics

2. alkane + halogen  haloalkane +hydrogen halide
ALKANES
Complete Combustion (Extreme Oxidation)
Alkane + O2  CO2 + H2O
Incomplete combustion
Alkane + O2  CO + H2 O
Substitution (with halides)
alkane + halogen  haloalkane +hydrogen halide
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2  CH2Cl2 + HCl

3. ALKENES 1. Addition Reactions (breaking of the double bond)
A) Halogenation (adding halides)
alkene + halogen haloalkane
B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen)
alkene + hydrogen alkane
CH2=CH2 + H CH3CH3

4. C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides) alkene + hydrogen halide haloalkane
D) Hydration (adding water)
alkene + water alcohol
Hydrohalogenation and hydration follow Markovnikov’s Rule which states that the hydrogen is added to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms originally bonded to it.

5. Markovnikov’s Rule
When a hydrogen halide or water is added to an alkene or an alkyne, the hydrogen atoms bonds to the carbon atom of the multiple bond that already has more hydrogen atoms
(“the rich get richer”)
Propene reacts with hydrogen bromide
2-methyl-1-pentene reacts with water

6. ALKYNES 1. Addition Reactions (breaking of the multiple bond)
A) Halogenation (adding halides)
alkyne + 2 halogens haloalkane
alkyne + 1 halogen haloalkene

7. B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen) alkyne + 2 hydrogen alkane

8. C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides)
alkyne hydrogen halides haloalkane

9. Reactions of Aromatics
1. Substitution A) With Halogens benzene + halogen halobenzene + hydrogen halide

10. 3. With Nitric Acid ( not mentioned in textbook)
With Alkyl Halides
benzene + alkyl halide alkyl benzene + hydrogen halide
3. With Nitric Acid ( not mentioned in textbook)
benzene + nitric acid nitrobenzene + water