1. European Empires in the Americas

2. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

3. Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

4. EARLY INTERACTION Spanish were considered gods by Aztec Aztec were not permitted to fight during peace months of calendar Spanish used guns, horses, mastifs and smallpox to dominate

5. The Death of Montezuma II

6. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

7. Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

8. PIZARRO VS. CORTES  WINNER? Pizzaro wins by a landslide! He had fewer men Faced larger armies Was farther from Spanish holdings in Caribbean

9. Both conquistadors ransomed the leaders Both executed the leaders! Both looked upon negatively today by descendents of Aztecs & Inca

10. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

11. Treasures from the Americas!

12. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

13. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

14. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1.Encomienda or forced labor. 2.Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3.Papal agreement.

15. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

16. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

17. Father Bartolome de Las Casas 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians".

18. Las Casas presented a narrative of atrocities against the natives of the Indies. The New Laws: 1.Abolished the encomienda system 2.made it illegal to use Indians as carriers, except where no other transport was available 3.it prohibited all taking of Indians as slaves New Laws  1542

19. New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean  set up trading posts instead of colonies 2.Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3.First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 Surat in NW India in 1608. 4.Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

20. New Colonial Rivals

21. PROFITING FROM COLONIES Portuguese & Spanish benefited: 1.Large supplies of gold & silver  used mita (drafted natives to work in silver mines) 2.Farming most long-lasting 3.Trade  sugar, tobacco, diamonds, animal hides

22. FAR REACHING IMPACT Catholic Church missionaries  Dominicans, Franciscans & Jesuits  Converted natives to Catholicism  Schools (Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz insisted women be educated)  Cathedrals  Hospitals  orphanages Appointment of viceroys (governor-generals ruling for king)

23. Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries.

24. The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS