1. Unit 4 – The Integumentary System

2. Integumentary System Also known as the Integument ◦ Accounts for 16% of your body weight ◦ First line of defense ◦ Almost 2m 2 Consists of 2 major components ◦ Cutaneous membrane ◦ Accessory structures

3. Integumentary System Cutaneous membrane has two layers ◦ Epidermis ◦ Dermis Accessory structures include: ◦ Hair ◦ Nails ◦ Exocrine glands

4. Integumentary System Blood vessels and nerves are found in the dermis Deep to the dermis, is the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

5. Integumentary System Functions of skin and subcutaneous layer: ◦ Protection ◦ Excretion ◦ Maintenance of body temperature ◦ Synthesis if vitamin D ◦ Storage of fats ◦ Detection of touch, pressure, pain, temperature

6. THE EPIDERMIS Integumentary System

7. The Epidermis Stratified squamous epithelial tissue ◦ Mostly keratinocytes (contains keratin) Is comprised of several layers (deep to superficial)  Stratum germinativum  Stratum spinosum  Stratum granulosum  Stratum lucidum  Stratum corneum Thin Skin – covers most of your body Thick skin – palms of hands, soles of feet

8. Epidermal Layers Stratum germinativum ◦ Deepest layer ◦ Attached to basal lamina ◦ Has epidermal ridges  Extend into dermis to strengthen bond between epidermis and dermis  Pattern of ridges are revealed in fingerprints ◦ Dominated by basal cells (germinative)  Stem cells that replace lost superficial cells ◦ Contains melanocytes – cells that make melanin

9. Epidermal Layers Stratum spinosum ◦ 8-10 layers of cells ◦ Made of freshly divided basal cells

10. Epidermal Layers Stratum granulosum ◦ “grainy layer” ◦ 3-5 layers of cells pushed superficially from stratum spinosum ◦ Make large amounts of keratin  Basis of hair and nails in humans  Makes skin waterproof ◦ Cells die in this layer

11. Epidermal Layers Stratum lucidum ◦ Found in the palms of your hands and soles of your feet

12. Epidermal Layers Stratum corneum ◦ The exposed surface of the skin ◦ 15-30 layers of keratinized cells It takes 15-30 days for cells to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum Cells spend about 2 weeks in the stratum corneum before being shed

13. Epidermal Layers Stratum corneum (con’t) ◦ Is water resistant, but not waterproof  Water evaporates at a rate of about 500ml/day  Called insensible perspiration  Sweat glands produce sensible perspiration ◦ Blisters are formed when the connections between superficial and deeper layers are damaged.  Fluid collects between layers

14. THE DERMIS Integumentary System

15. The Dermis Lies between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer Two major components ◦ Superficial papillary layer ◦ Deeper reticular layer

16. The Papillary Layer Superficial portion of dermis Areolar tissue Contains capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons that supply the surface of the skin Contain dermal papillae that interlock with the epidermal ridges

17. Reticular Layer Deeper portion of dermis Dense irregular connective tissue ◦ Collagen and elastic fibers Contains all cells of connective tissue proper Also contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerve fibers

18. Dermal Strength and Elasticity Dermis contains both collagen and elastic fiber ◦ Allows dermis to tolerate limited stretching Water also helps with flexibility and resilience ◦ Pinch test for dehydration Aging, hormones, UV radiation damages elastic fibers ◦ Leads to wrinkles and sagging skin

19. Dermal Strength and Elasticity Extensive stretching of dermis can exceed the elastic capabilities of the skin ◦ Complete recoiling of fibers is prevented ◦ Result is stretch marks Retin-A (derivitave of Vitamin A) can help repair the dermis and can lessen appearance of wrinkles and stretch marks.

20. Lines of Cleavage The collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis are usually arranged in parallel bundles ◦ Arranged to resist forces during normal movement ◦ The pattern forms lines of cleavage

21. Lines of Cleavage Why are the lines important? ◦ Cuts parallel to the lines of cleavage will remain closed and heal with minimal scarring ◦ Cuts perpendicular to the lines will be pulled open by the recoiling elastic fibers and will result in greater scarring.

22. THE SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER Integumentary System

23. The Subcutaneous Layer Also known as the hypodermis Consists of areolar and adipose tissue ◦ Very elastic Superficial region contains blood vessels Subcutaneous fat serves as an insulator and a major energy reserve for the body.

24. The Subcutaneous Layer At puberty, distribution of fat starts to differ between the sexes ◦ Men tend to store fat at the neck, arms, low back, and buttocks ◦ Women tend to store fat at the breasts, buttocks, hips and thighs ◦ Both can accumulate fat in the abdominal region

25. ACCESSORY STRUCTURES Integumentary System

26. Hair and Hair Follicles Hair – cover almost every surface of your skin ◦ Exceptions are sides and soles of feet, palms of hands, sides of toes and fingers, lips, portions of external genitalia Body has 2.5 million hairs  75% NOT on your head Hair is a nonliving structure produced by hair follicles ◦ Made of the protein keratin

27. Hair and Hair Follicles Function of hair on head ◦ Protect from UV radiation ◦ Cushion light blows to head ◦ Insulate skull In nostrils and ear: ◦ Prevent entry of foreign particles All hair serve as sensory receptors

28. Hair and Hair Follicles Have arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicle ◦ When contracted, makes hair stand up  From emotions, cold (goose bumps)  In furry mammals, this will increase insulation, but doesn’t have that effect in humans

29. Hair and Hair Follicles Hair will grow for 2-5 years before being shed ◦ Grows about 0.33mm each day While growing, the follicle will incorporate nutrients/chemicals into the hair shaft ◦ Can be useful for detecting disorders or drugs. ◦ Can be used for DNA fingerprinting if hair contains nucleated cells

30. Hair and Hair Follicles Hair coloration is from the melanocytes producing varying amounts of melanin in the hair follicle Different forms of melanin will give hair a dark brown, yellow-brown, or red appearance

31. Glands In the Skin Sebaceous (Oil) Glands Can secrete oil from hair follicle or directly onto skin The secreted material is called sebum ◦ Made of fatty acids, cholesterol, proteins, and electrolytes ◦ Inhibits bacteria growth, lubricates and protects hair, and conditions surrounding skin

32. Glands In the Skin Sebaceous (Oil) Glands (Con’t) ◦ Sebaceous follicles  Glands NOT associated with hair follicles  Discharge sebum directly onto epidermis  Located on face, back, chest, nipples, external genitalia  Very active just before birth and during puberty

33. Glands In the Skin Sweat Glands ◦ Also known as sudoriferous glands ◦ Two types  Apocrine sweat glands  Found in armpits, around nipples, and pubic region  Secrete sweat into hair follicles  Sticky, cloudy, odorous secretion  Begin secreting at puberty  This sweat is a nutrition source for bacteria, which intensifies odor

34. Glands In the Skin Sweat Glands (Con’t) ◦ Two types  Merocrine sweat glands  Discharge secretion directly onto surface of skin  More numerous (2-5 million) than apocrine glands  Palms and soles have highest number  3000 per square inch  Secretion is 99% water with some electrolytes (mainly sodium chloride)

35. Glands In the Skin Sweat Glands (Con’t) ◦ Two types  Merocrine sweat glands  Functions:  Cool surface of skin (maintain homeostasis)  Excrete water and electrolytes  Provide protection  Dilute harmful chemicals  Discourages growth of mmicroorganisms

36. Nails Protect exposed dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes Parts: ◦ Nail body – visible portion of nail ◦ Nail bed – lies under nail body ◦ Lateral nail grooves – lateral borders of nail body ◦ Lateral nail folds – portion of skin overlapping lateral portion of nail body ◦ Free edge – distal portion extending past nail bed

37. Nails Parts (con’t): ◦ Hyponychium – thickened skin at distal end of nail bed ◦ Nail root – forms the nail ◦ Eponychium (cuticle) – skin flap covering proximal nail body ◦ Lunula – pale crescent at proximal end of nail body

38. INJURY RESPONSE Integumentary System

39. Injury Response Excellent regeneration capabilities and response to stresses. Calluses form when repeated stresses from manual labor are placed on the skin ◦ The stem cells of stratum germinativum divide more rapidly, thickening the skin in that area

40. Injury Response The process of injury repair can be slow Infection and fluid loss can complicate repair The type of injury also determines rate of repair ◦ Thin, straight cut (incision) will generally heal more quickly than a scrape (abrasion) because of the relative surfaces involved

41. Injury Response Bleeding occurs when the damage extends into the dermis. Why? ◦ No vessels in epidermis

42. Injury Response Steps to injury response Step 1 Bleeding occurs and mast cells trigger the inflammatory response

43. Injury Response Step 2 Blood clot (scab) forms  Restores integrity of epidermis  Restricts microorganisms from entering area Stratum germinativum cells migrate along edges of wound  Divide rapidly to replace epidermal cells Macrophages patrol area collecting debris and pathogens

44. Injury Response Step 2 (con’t) Increased capillary formation enhances blood flow Combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and new capillary network is called granulation tissue

45. Injury Response Step 3 Over time, deeper portion of clot dissolves Number of capillaries decline Fibroblast activity leads to increase in collagen fibers and ground substance Epidermal cells have migrated over the network of collagen fibers

46. Injury Response Step 4 After several weeks, the scab is shed The repairs do not restore the integument to its original condition ◦ Dermis will contain abnormally large numbers of collagen fibers, and few capillaries Severely damaged hair follicles, glands, muscle and nerve cells are seldom repaired ◦ Replaced by fibrous tissue (Scar)

48. AGING Integumentary System

49. Aging and the Integument Effects of aging on the integument ◦ Thinning epidermis ◦ Decreased vitamin D production  Muscle and bone weakness ◦ Decreased melanocyte activity  More sensitive to sun ◦ Decline in glandular activity  Dry, scaly skin. Less perspiration means increased overheating ◦ Reduced blood supply to dermis

50. Aging and the Integument Effects of aging on the integument ◦ Hair follicles stop functioning  Thinner, finer hair ◦ Dermis thins  Sagging and wrinkling occur ◦ Decrease in sex hormones  Hair characteristics and fat distribution change  People of both sexes age 90-100 tend to look alike ◦ Skin repairs more slowly  Repairs can take twice as long as a young adult  Recurring infections may result