1. Radio Frequency IDentification ( RFID )

2. 2 “ We propose the integration of wireless technology and RFID technology for improving efficiency and security through the active tracking of visitors and employees, by using RFID tags to aid in the detection and identification of possible intruder threats etc… ” Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

3. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology uses radio waves to automatically identify physical objects (either living beings or inanimate items). RFID is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be attached or incorporated into a product for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip- based RFID tags contain silicon chips and antennas. Tags contain a unique identification number called an Electronic Product Code (EPC), and potentially additional information of interest to manufacturers, healthcare organizations, military organizations, logistics providers, and retailers, or others that need to track the physical location of goods or equipment 3 Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

4. All information stored on RFID tags accompanies items as they travel through a supply chain or other business process. All information on RFID tags, such as product attributes, physical dimensions, prices can be scanned wirelessly by a reader at high speed and from a distance of several meters. Readers identify the EPC numbers at a distance, without line-of-sight scanning or involving physical contact. Middleware can perform initial filtering on data from the readers. 4 Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

5. 5 An RFID system is an integrated collection of components that implement an RFID solution. An RFID system consists of the following components from an end- to end perspective  Tag - This is a mandatory component of any RFID system.  Reader - This is a mandatory component.  Reader antenna - This is another mandatory component.(today with antennas)  Controller - This is a mandatory component.  Sensor, actuator, and annunciator - These optional components are needed for external input and output of the system.  Host and software system - Theoretically, an RFID system can function independently without this component. Practically, an RFID system is close to worthless without this component. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

6. RFID System block diagram 6 Backend computer Control unit Transceiver TAG Data Timing Power Coupling element (Coil, Antenna) Reader Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

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8. Tags 8 This is a mandatory component of any RFID system. An RFID tag is a device that can store and transmit data to a reader in a contactless manner using radio waves RFID tags can be classified in two different ways.  Passive Tags  Active Tags Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) Passive Tags  This type of RFID tag does not have an on-board power source (for example, a battery), and instead uses the power emitted from the reader to energize itself and transmit its stored data to the reader.  A passive tag is simple in its construction and has no moving parts.  A passive tag is typically smaller than an active.  A contactless smart card is a special type of passive RFID tag that is widely used today in various areas (for example, as ID badges in security and loyalty cards in retail). The data on this card is read when it is in close proximity to a reader. The card does not need to be physically in contact with the reader for reading.  A passive tag consists of the following main components:  Microchip  Antenna

9. Tags (Conti..) 9 Active Tags  Active RFID tags have an on-board power source (for example, a battery; other sources of power, such as solar, are also possible) and electronics for performing specialized tasks. An active tag uses its on-board power supply to transmit its data to a reader. It does not need the reader's emitted power for data transmission. The on-board electronics can contain microprocessors, sensors, and input/output ports powered by the on-board power source.  An active tag consists of the following main components:  Microchip  Antenna  On-board power supply  On-board electronics. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

10. 10 Tags (Conti..) Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

11. 11 Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) Wireless Sensor Networks A wireless sensor network is a system which is capable of self- configuring, self-networking, self diagnosing and self-healing, which have made sensor networks a very attractive solution for a wide range of environment Sensor networks consist of tiny low-powered computing network nodes with extremely restricted computational, communication and battery capabilities. The typical hardware platform of a wireless sensor node will consist of sensor, microcontroller, and radio frequency transceiver and power source. The microcontroller manages the procedures that make the sensor node collaborate with the other nodes. When choosing a microcontroller power consumption, required chip size, computational power and on- chip memory are very important. A transceiver unit connects the node to the network. Choosing a low- power-consumption transceiver is crucial for a low-consumption system because current consumption of a transceiver takes up most of the data processing.

12. 12 WSNsRFID System Purpose Sense interested parameters in environments and attached object Detect presence and location of tagged objects ComponentSensor nodes, relay nodes, sinksTags, readers ProtocolsZigbee, Wi-Fi, WiMaxRFID standard CommunicationMulti-hopSingle hop MobilitySensor nodes are usually static Tags move with attached Objects ProgrammabilityProgrammableUsually closed systems PriceSensor node — medium Reader-expensive Tag-cheap DeploymentRandom or fixedFixed Difference between RFID and WSNs Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

13. 13 These difference give us to motivate integration of WSN and RFID system to achieve more powerful performance. (1)Integrating tags with sensors. (2)Integrating tags with wireless sensor nodes and wireless devices. (3)Integrating readers with wireless sensor nodes and wireless devices and (4)Mix of RFID and wireless sensor networks. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

14. 14 Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) I.Integrating tags with sensors. Integration of this class is used to equip RFID tags with sensors which provide sensing capabilities for RFID tags. The RFID tags with sensors (sensor-tags) use the same RFID protocols and mechanisms for reading tag IDs as well as for collecting sensed data. System architecture

15. 15 Passive tags with integrated sensors Active tags with integrated sensors Integrated sensors are usually powered by additional batteries, most tags with integrated sensors are semi-passive or active tags which are battery powered. However, there exist some passive tags with integrated sensors which operate without a battery and instead gather power from the RF signal of readers. Active tags with integrated sensors are used in the following applications: temperature sensing and monitoring, vibration detection, blood pressure and heartbeat rate monitoring, etc. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

16. 16 II. Integrating RFID Tags with Wireless Sensor Nodes In high-end applications, it is possible to integrate RFID tags with wireless sensor nodes and wireless devices, such that the integrated tags are able to communicate with many wireless devices which are not limited to readers. The main difference between the tags of this class and the tags is that the tags with integrated sensors are traditional RFID tags which communicate only with readers, while the tags in this class are able to communicate with other wireless devices, including tags themselves. Therefore, the tags in this class are able to communicate with each other and form a multiple hop network. These new tags may be compliant with existing RFID standards or they can have proprietary protocols. Component of integrated sensor nodes Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

17. 17 III. Integrating Readers with Wireless Sensor Nodes and Wireless Devices Another type of integration of RFID and sensors is the combination of RFID readers with wireless sensor nodes and wireless devices. The integration enables new functionalities and opens the door to a number of new applications. The integrated readers are able to sense environmental conditions, communicate with each other in wireless fashion, read identification numbers from tagged objects and effectively transmit this information to the host. Structure of Integrated reader Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

18. 18 IV. Mix of RFID and Sensors Different from previous cases, RFID tags/readers and sensors in this class are physically separated. An RFID system and a wireless sensor network both exist in the application and they work independently. However, there is an integration of RFID and WSN at the software layer when data from both RFID tags and sensor nodes are forwarded to the common control center. System architecture of the implementation Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

19. 19 Methodology Integration scenarios Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

20. 20 The primary difference between the two main categories in Figure is that in case of hardware integration “sensor data is communicated through the air interface of an RFID tag”, while in the case of virtual integration “sensor data is associated with the identity of the sensed object independently of the RFID tag’s data communication”. These two categories are fundamental because they require a different infrastructure and technology. Virtual integration assumes the application of networked RFID (assuming a back-end database).The virtual integration of ‘adjacent’ sensors is considered a relatively trivial task whereas ‘ambient’ sensors may not be in the immediate vicinity of the observed object; hence using their data is not a trivial task and involves more than just the consideration of data accuracy. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

21. 21 RFID Standards  ANSI Standards (By US Organization)  AIAG Standard AIAG's primary goals are to reduce cost and complexity within the automotive supply chain and to improve speed to market, product quality, employee health and safety, and the environment.  EAN*UCC Standard EAN*UCC System is co-managed by the Uniform Code Council, Inc., and GS1 (formerly EAN International). The EAN*UCC System standardizes identification numbers, EDI transaction sets, XML schemas, and other supply-chain solutions that enable more efficient business processes. Electronic Product Code (EPC) The Electronic Product Code (EPC) is a license-plate type identifier that can uniquely identify any item in a supply chain. It is a simple and compact scheme that can generate extremely large quantities of unique identifiers. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

22. 22 Five main technology components make up the EPCGlobal Network, as follows: 1.Electronic Product Code (EPC). 2.Data-collection hardware consisting of EPC tags and readers. This is also collectively known as ID System. 3.EPCGlobal middleware. 4.Discovery Services (DS) composed of, for example, Object Naming Service (ONS). 5.EPC Information Services (EPCIS). Thus, the EPCglobal Network "equation" can be summarized as follows: “EPCglobal Network = ID System + EPC + Middleware + DS + EPCIS (1.1) “ EPCglobal Network Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

23. 23 Object Naming Service (ONS) The ONS is a public service that can be used to find related EPCIS servers from where data about a product can be extracted. It provides a mapping mechanism between an EPC and the set of EPCIS instances that contain information about this EPC. (Thus, in essence, ONS is very similar to the DNS service that is used to look up the associated hosts for a particular Internet address.) Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

24. 24 An EPCglobal Network schematic Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

25. 25 RFID-based sensor integration possibilities Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

26. 26 Virtual Integration  Virtual integration of RFID and sensors is the association of sensor data and RFID-based identity independent of the wireless interface of the tag. It means that sensor data is collected independently of the RFID tag, so the integration process involves reading the RFID tag and accessing another data source. Virtual integration mostly assumes the application of Networked RFID (often referred to as NRFID).  For example, an Electronic Product Code/EPC) stored on a tag and a back-end database storing complementary data related to physical objects. Practically it means that the tag is at least sometimes ‘online’, that is, connected to a computer network. Data is transmitted to and from the tag and additional data is stored at the back-end.  Networked RFID is not the same as virtual integration as hardware integrated tags can also be networked and synchronized. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

27. 27 (EPCIS) EPCGlobal Information Services Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

28. 28 Risks and Threats Although RFID systems may emerge as one of the most pervasive computing technologies in history, there are still a vast number of problems that need to be solved before their massive deployment.  Physical Attacks  Denial of Service (DoS)  Counterfeiting  Spoofing  Eavesdropping  Traffic analysis Proposed Solution  Kill Command  The Active Jamming Approach  The Faraday Cage Approach  Blocker Tag  Bill of Rights Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

29. 29 Benefits from RFID and Wireless Integration  No line of Sight required to read  Multiple items can be read  Large data storing capacity  Read/Write/Rewrite capability of tags  RFID tags can withstand harsh environments Conclusion : RFID offers several benefits, a good many of which you can realize today to a substantial degree with the existing products. Other benefits are also somewhat realizable, and it is expected that improvements in the technology will steadily bring these benefits to a mature level. Undeniably, however, such a collection of unique RFID benefits makes is already a potential enabler of a wide variety of applications. Some of the benefits have privacy rights infringement implications that might present issues regarding RFID use in some situations. Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )

30. 30 Even with these issues, however, RFID will likely be the preferred technology in other areas. RFID technology is currently undergoing rapid changes that are expected to provide continuously improving products, steadily bringing the true potential of the technology to the user. An RFID strategy, for a large business, provides an enterprise-level plan that aligns with overall business goals and strategies. When formulated at this level, an RFID strategy offers benefits to the widest range of interested parties and facilitates buy-in from senior management. It is strongly recommended that you have an RFID strategy in place before attempting any effort to deploy the technology. You can use an RFID strategy to drive action plans for an enterprise's RFID policy, implementation, and technology rollout. Conclusion (Conti..) Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID )