1. PROF. MAULIK PATEL CED, GPERI Mobile Computing Gujarat Power Engineering and Research Institute 1 Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel Mobile Technologies

2. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 2 Radio transponder carrying an ID-that can be read through radio frequency. Transponder commonly known as RFID tags or tags. Tag is attached to object for assigning identity. Different functional areas like:  Means of reading or interrogating the data in the tag  Mechanism to filter some of the data  Means to communicate the data in the tag with host computer  Means for updating or entering customized data into tag. Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)

3. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 3 Categorized on three basic criteria: On frequency  Six basic frequencies- 132.4 KHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 918MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz.  Low frequency system have short reading range. On Application  Grouped according to application and usage.  Speed of object and distance to read determine the type of tag. Power-based grouping  Active and passive tags.  Passive tags are generally in low frequency rang, higher frequency range can either active or passive. RFID

4. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 4 The reader emits radio waves in their range (1cm to 25 meters) When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone of reader, it detect the reader’s activation signal. Reader decodes data encoded in tag’s IC & send to PC. Three components:  A transponder programmed with unique information(RFID tag).  A transceiver with decoder(a reader).  An antenna or coil. RFID

5. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 5 The antenna emits radio signals to read data from or write data into tag. Antenna is fitted with the transceiver to become a reader. Close proximity passive tags rely on electromagnetic or inductive coupling techniques(fig a). Active tags are based upon propagating electromagnetic waves techniques(fig b). RFID

6. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 6

7. 7 Transportation Manufacturing and processing Security Animal tagging Store in an enterprise Retail store Community library Time and attendance Postal tracking Road toll management…. Etc. Application for RFID

8. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 8 WLL - wireless local loop or WiLL- wireless in Local loop WLL is also known as fixed-wireless system. The world moving towards a convergence of voice, data and video. This will be demand interoperability and high data rate. Wireless MAN offers an alternative to high bandwidth wireline access n/w like fiber optic, cable modems and DSL. Wireless broadband(WiMax)

9. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 9 WirelessMAN architecture

10. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 10 In april 2002, the WirelessMAN(IEEE802.16) standards released. Three working have been chartered to produce following standards:  IEEE 802.16.1 – Air interface for 10 to 66 GHz.  IEEE 802.16.2 – Coexistence of broadband wireless access system.  IEEE 802.16.3 – Air interface for licensed frequencies, 2 to 11 GHz. IEEE802.16

11. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 11 802.16 standards are organized into three layer architecture: The Physical Layer: Specifies the frequency band, modulation scheme, error-correction technique, synchronization bet n transmitter and receiver, data rate and multiplexing structure. The MAC layer: Transmitting data in frames and controlling access to shared wireless medium. Convergence layer: Provide function specific to the service being provided. For IEEE 802.16.1, bearer services include digital audio/video multicast, digital telephony, ATM, Internet access, wireless trunks in tele. And frame relay. IEEE802.16

12. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 12 In mobile cellular system the cellular n/w itself will be mobile. It support high data rate. High data rate are possible with low speed mobility. Fig. shows mobile comm. To support high-speed mobility. This is achieved by installing moving base station and fixed radio ports. Broadband mobile cellular system

13. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 13 Mobile broadband communication system

14. Prepared By: Prof. Maulik Patel 14 Mobile IP