1. The Constitution Objective: I can explain how the U.S. Constitution incorporates basic principles which help define the government of the United States as a federal republic including its structure, powers, and relationship with the governed.

2. Partner Question Put the objective in your own words.

3. The Articles of Confederation ●Created during American Revolution to unify states ○Needed a single army under central control ●Confederation-group of individual state governments that band together for a common purpose ○“League of Friendship”

4. The Articles of Confederation ●One-house legislature ○Each state has one vote ○Control over army and authority to deal with foreign countries on behalf of the states ○Powers quite limited

5. The Articles of Confederation ●Past experience causes the 13 states to refuse two important powers to the Confederation Congress  No power to enforce its laws  No power to tax o Congress could ask for money from the states but not demand it o In fact, Congress could not require the states to do anything

6. The Articles of Confederation ●Perhaps the most significant achievement of the Congress under the Articles was the Northwest Ordinance ●Outlined the basis for the organization of the new territorial gov’ts and set a precedent for the method of admitting new states to the Union

7. The Articles of Confederation ●The Northwest Ordinance included a specific provision outlawing slavery: o “There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said territory.” ●Present day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin

8. Weaknesses of the Articles ●Congress could not pass a law unless nine states voted in favor of it ●Any attempt to amend, or change, the Articles required a unanimous vote of all 13 states. o Strict voting requirements made it difficult for Congress to accomplish anything

9. Weaknesses of the Articles ●Even when Congress managed to pass a law, it could not enforce them ●The Articles did not provide for an executive or judicial branch to help enforce the laws o If a state decided to ignore a law, the Congress could do nothing about it

10. Partner Questions ●Why did the American colonists create the Articles of Confederation? ●Describe the government created by the Articles of Confederation? ●Why was it important for the government under the articles to have those powers which were not given?

11. Partner Questions ●Why was the Northwest Ordinance important? ●Identify an important provision in the Northwest Ordinance. ●What were the weaknesses of the Articles? ●What did the weaknesses of the Articles lead to? [Inference]

13. The Constitution Objective: I can explain how the U.S. Constitution incorporates basic principles which help define the government of the United States as a federal republic including its structure, powers, and relationship with the governed.

14. The Philadelphia Convention ●Delegates originally were going to revise the Articles but decided to write a new constitution-new plan of national government. ●Constitutional Convention ●Goal to create framework that all states could accept-failure could mean disaster

15. Creating the Constitution ●James Madison and Virginia delegates propose the Virginia Plan ●Similar to today’s government ●president, courts, and congress with two houses

16. Creating the Constitution ●Representation in each house of congress would be based on each state’s population ●Large states would have more votes than smaller states.

17. Partner Questions ●Which type of states would favor the Virginia plan? Why? ●Which type of states would not favor the Virginia plan? Why?

18. Creating the Constitution ●The New Jersey Plan was submitted by the smaller states ●The plan called for a gov’t similar to the one under the Articles.

19. Creating the Constitution ●It included a one-house congress in which states would have equal representation therefore, equal votes ●Under this plan, Congress could set taxes and regulate trade--powers it did not have under the Articles

20. Partner Questions ●Which type of states would favor the New Jersey plan? Why? ●Which type of states would not favor the New Jersey plan? Why?

21. Creating the Constitution ●Large states would not accept the New Jersey Plan, small states in approved of the plan ●Larger states thought they should have more power than smaller states.

22. Creating the Constitution ●The Great Compromise ●Proposed that Congress have two houses-a Senate and a House of Representatives

23. Creating the Constitution ●The Great Compromise also known as the Connecticut Compromise ●Each state would have equal representation in the Senate (States?) ●In the House, representation would be based on population (States?)

24. Partner Question How did the Great Compromise create a solution for large and small states?

25. Creating the Constitution ●The Great Compromise settled the structure of Congress. ●However, more than 550,000 African Americans were enslaved, mostly in the South at the time

26. Creating the Constitution ●The Southern states wanted to count slaves as part of their population to increase their voting power in the House ●Northern states, which had fewer enslaved persons, opposed the idea

27. Creating the Constitution ●Northern states argued that because enslaved persons were not allowed to vote or otherwise participate in government, they should not be used to give Southern states a stronger voice in Congress

28. Creating the Constitution ●In the Three-Fifths Compromise, delegates agreed that every five enslaved persons would count as three free persons. ●Three-fifths of the slave population in each state would be used in determining representation in Congress

29. Partner Questions 1. Why did Southern states want to count enslaved persons as part of their population? 2. Why did Northern states oppose counting enslaved persons as part of a state’s population?

30. Partner Question What was the solution of the delegates with regards to counting population in a state? Homework=https://www.docsoffreedom.org/readings/the-ratification-debatehttps://www.docsoffreedom.org/readings/the-ratification-debate Answer Both Questions

31. Ratification ●Finished the Constitution, next step was to win ratification, or approval, of the Constitution ●The delegates decided each would set up a ratifying convention to vote “yes” or no”

32. Ratification ●When at least nine of the 13 states had ratified the Constitution, then it would become the supreme law of the land

33. Federalists ●Supporters of the Constitution ●Chose the name to emphasize that the Constitution would create a system of federalism, a form of gov’t in which power is divided between the federal, or national, gov’t and the states

34. Federalists ●Reminded Americans flaws in the Articles ●Argued the need for a strong national gov’t or the US would not survive ●Large landowners who wanted property protection a strong nat’l gov’t could provide

35. Federalists ●Claimed that only a strong nat’l gov’t could protect the new nation from enemies abroad and solve the country’s internal problems

36. The Federalists Papers ●A series of essays known as The Federalist, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay defend the Constitution

37. The Federalists Papers ●M adison argued in The Federalist, No. 10: o A Republic, by which I mean a Government in which the scheme of representation takes place...promises the cure for which we are seeking…”  James Madison, The Federalist, No. 10

38. Anti-Federalists ●Opposed the Constitution ●Main argument was the new Constitution would take away the liberties Americans had fought to win from Great Britain

39. Anti-Federalists ●Believed the new Constitution would create a strong nat’l gov’t, ignore the will of the states and the people, and favor the wealthy few over the common people

40. Anti-Federalists ●Perhaps the strongest criticism of the Constitution was that it lacked a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms ●Many feared they would lose the liberties gained during the Revolution

41. Anti-Federalists ●Several state conventions took a stand and announced they would not ratify the Constitution without the addition of a bill of rights

42. Launching a New Nation ●Federalists eventually agree with Anti- Federalists that a bill of rights was necessary ●Federalists promised if the Constitution was adopted, the new gov’t would add a bill of rights to it

43. Launching a New Nation ●That promise helped turn the tide ●Several states had already voted for ratification ●New Hampshire became the ninth state to do so, and the Constitution took effect

44. Launching a New Nation ●In time, the four remaining states ratified the Constitution, the last being Rhode Island in 1790 ●The 13 independent states were now one nation, the United States of America