1. The American Pageant Chapter 37 The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1960 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

2. 1. McCarthy finally went too far when he accused ________ of being infiltrated by Communists. 2. Eisenhower’s policy to target illegal immigrants was called Operation _________. 3. Eisenhower used the CIA to topple this Central American country’s govt. __________. 4. Eisenhower warned the US of the dangers of the “________-industrial complex” when he left office. 5. The ________ Crisis in 1956 almost led to world war.

3. SPUTNIK!!! COLD WAR  THE SPACE RACE  October 4, 1957, USSR sends up 1 st satellite (184 lbs)  Seen as victory of communism over democracy/capitalism  Fears of Soviet ICBM’s  Talk of a “missile gap”  4 months later US sends up 2.5 lb satellite

4. NUCLEAR TESTING  1958: US and USSR begin to suspend “dirty” tests of Nuc’s  Many soldiers and civilians suffer from testing http://ndep.nv.gov/boff/vegasview.jpg http://www.bikiniatoll.com/

5. EARLY COLD WAR CONTEXT 1950  KOREAN CONFLICT 1957 - SPUTNIK AND SPACE RACE 1958 - NUCLEAR TESTING 1958 -US TROOPS SENT EGYPT & LEBANON 1958-1959 – BERLIN ISSUE HEATS UP 1960 - U-2 INCIDENT 1961- US BREAKS RELATIONS W/ CUBA 1961 - BERLIN WALL/CRISIS 1962 - CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

6. Nixon and Eisenhower at the 1952 Republican Convention In this picture, the triumphant Republican nominees for the White House pose with smiles and wives--Pat Nixon and Mamie Eisenhower. Seen as a statesman and not a politician during the campaign, Eisenhower worked hard to ensure his nomination over Robert Taft, and then chose Richard Nixon to balance the ticket because he was a younger man, a westerner, and a conservative. (UPI Bettmann Archives) Nixon and Eisenhower at the 1952 Republican Convention Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Eisenhower happy Like a benign grandfather, Dwight D. Eisenhower provided a reassuring presence in the White House in the 1950s. His moderation, balanced judgment, and apparent aloofness from partisanship appealed to as many as did his fondness for bridge and poker, bourbon, fishing and hunting, and golf. (Courtesy Dwight D. Eisenhower Library) Eisenhower happy Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/elections/maps/1952.gif

9. McCarthyism, "I have here in my hand..." A term invented by cartoonist Herblock, McCarthyism to most liberals and Democrats meant the use of lies, slander, and innuendo to attack and discredit the Democratic party for "twenty years of treason." ("I have here in my hand…" from Herblock : A Cartoonist's Life (Macmillian Publishing Company, 1993)) McCarthyism, "I have here in my hand..." Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. Those whom the gods would destroy, first they make proud…  McCarthy purges State Department  McCarthy influences senatorial races  McCarthy accuses George Marshall of being part of the “conspiracy”  McCarthy attacks US army in spring 1954. Hearings are televised.  Public turns against him.

11. Eisenhower’s Administration  “dynamic conservatism” = fiscal conservatism & social liberalism  Small government and balanced budget  Experienced deficits, recession and economic reversal  Interstate Highway Act (Pros? Cons?)  Dubious programs: Operation WetbackOperation Wetback Tried to terminate Indian TribesTried to terminate Indian Tribes

12. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy  Sec. of State John Foster Dulles -“roll back” the “red tide” CIA orchestrates coup’s in Guatemala, Iran, CongoCIA orchestrates coup’s in Guatemala, Iran, Congo  Strategic Air Command (SAC) as a nuclear deterrent (see Dr. Strangelove)  Attempts 1955 Peace Conferences w/ Nikita Kruschchev  USSR pulls out of Austria, BUT CRUSHES 1956 Hungarian uprisings – US stays out. PROBLEM: 1. SAC was an all-or-nothing tool. 2. SAC was NOT cheaper than conventional weapons. IRONY: Ike’s warning of “military-industrial” complex IRONY: Ike’s warning of “military-industrial” complex

13. http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/p werth/Europemap-1955.jpg

14. “Kitchen Debate” In 1959, during an official visit to Moscow, Nixon meet Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in red Square. He engaged Khrushchev in an impromptu debate on live TV over whether capitalism or communism was the superior system.

16. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy: Part 2  US & Ike back French in Indochina  US commits $ but not troops or bombers  Vietnam falls, divided into N & S at 17 th parallel  SEATO created  Uses CIA: 1953 coup in Iran, assassination of Lumumba in Congo, fostering juntas in Guatemala  1956 Suez Crisis: US keeps out, UN goes in.  Eisenhower Doctrine: 1957 – big miscalculation  1960: OPEC formed

18. http://www.tacitconsent.com/map_9_1956.jpg

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21. CUBA & CASTRO  Fulgencio Batista rules Cuba with an ironhand – and US support.  US increasingly supports unpopular dictators/strongmen as alternative to popular communist movements  1959: Castro leads revolution  Castro appropriates US business and property  Cuban elite flees for US/Miami  Castro allies with USSR  1961: US cuts ties with Cuba

22. ELECTION OF 1960 Nixon (Rep) v. JFK (Dem.)  Nixon runs as virtual incumbent (as VP to Ike)  JFK (N. Dem) v. LBJ (S. Dem) for nomination ISSUES:  JFK allies with LBJ, launches “New Frontier” campaign  JFK’s Catholicism  “missile gap”: Was US slipping?  First TV debates: Who won? OUTCOME: Close popular vote, but JFK wins electoral Democrats capture both Houses of Congress.

23. Kennedy campaigning John F. Kennedy is surrounded by supporters and the press as he arrives for the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles. Young, handsome, and articulate, Kennedy introduced new vitality, and perhaps superficiality, into political campaigning. On television and in person, Kennedy was a popular politician; when he became president, he became a media star as well. (Wide World Photos, Inc.) Kennedy campaigning Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

24. http :// fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/elections/maps/1960.gif