1. Citing and Referencing
Library and Knowledge Services
Bernhard Baron Building
Citing and Referencing
Philippa Davies
Library & Knowledge Services Manager
Last updated December 2014.

2. By the end of this session...
Overview of how to cite and reference materials
Understanding of the common mistakes
Hands on practice at citing and referencing
Opportunity for questions at the end
(Microsoft, 2014)

3. Why is citing and referencing your work properly important?
Why cite & reference?
Why is citing and referencing your work properly important?

4. Why cite & reference? Supports your own views or arguments
Demonstrates your hard work and reading
Some readers skip straight to the references
Demonstrates your understanding of the subject
Acknowledges use of someone else’s ideas
Good academic practice, courteous
Allow someone else to find the items
Avoid accusations of plagiarism
Remember to reference only high quality resources
(Microsoft, 2014)

5. Plagiarism
Plagiarism can be defined as “unacknowledged use of someone’s work” (Pears and Shields 2013: 1)
Includes all written, audio, visual works or even ideas!
Passing off someone’s work as your own
Citing work that you have not used
Paraphrasing someone’s work without citing
Self-plagiarism
Can occur on purpose or by accident
Many educational institutions use anti plagiarism software to assess submissions
Exceptions for “common knowledge” e.g. humans have two lungs.

6. Turnitin
(Turnitin, 2014)

7. Sources to cite & reference
Books
Charts & Tables
Posters
Journals
Graphics
Maps
Articles
Photographs
Electronic discussion boards
Databases
Interviews
Minutes
Organisations
Pamphlet
Adverts
Websites
Instructions
Research data
Presentations
Confidential information
Conferences
Tutor’s/colleague’s hand-outs
Medical images
PowerPoint
Social Media
Blogs
Unpublished works
Legislation
Self-citing
Mathematical equations
Guidelines
Graphs
Notes
Drawings
Audio-visual recordings
Reviews
CDs/DVDs/CD-Roms
Inscriptions
Apps
Displays

8. Selecting a reference style
There are many different reference styles. We will use Harvard (Anglia Ruskin)
Always use the same citation style throughout your work

9. What is referencing? Referencing consists of two parts:
Part 1 - A citation for every source used in the body of your work.
Part 2 – A reference list at the end of your work detailing the full list of references used
EVERY citation must have a reference

10. Part 1
Citing

11. What is a citation?
A citation should be included each time you reference someone else's work
It does not give full details of the original author but acts as a signpost to the full reference at the end of your work.

12. In-text citations (Mullins, 2013, p.9)
A citation consists of only the following:
Author Surname
Year of publication
Page number
(Mullins, 2013, p.9)

13. Paraphrase or Quote
There are two ways to include other’s work in your own work:
Paraphrasing – Putting other’s knowledge into your own words.
Quoting – Direct insertion of other’s words in quotation marks.
You must always provide citation for both.

14. When do I paraphrase? When do I quote?
Paraphrase wherever possible – demonstrates your understanding
Only quote for impact
Use quote if author makes ideal point
Use if quoting key piece of evidence
Short quotes should be enclosed in single/double quotation marks – remain consistent
Longer quotes should be indented in a separate paragraph and indented (quotation marks are not necessary)

15. Example text
There are many schools of management thinking. At one level, they can be broadly categorised as either academic or popularist. There was a time when academic thinking was based on the work of a few key individuals whose theories have been proved through limited trials. The application of psychology and other sciences to management actions has results in the wide literature that was referred to in chapter 1, ranging from soundly based theory to more speculative journalism.
Why paraphrase – demonstrates you have understood the research or material you are quoting, synthesizes large bodies of work into manageable potions.
Maylor, H. (2010) Project Management. 4th edn. Harlow: Pearson Education – from page 18

16. Paraphrasing the example text
Management thinking is influenced by many areas of expertise. The worlds of academia, psychology and science have all shaped different ways of thinking with varying degrees of reliability, from theory to more speculative journalism (Maylor, 2010, p.18).
Sometimes very easy to do, sometimes hard – make sure you understand what you are paraphrasing and don’t change the meaning of someone’s text.
Whenever you paraphrase make sure you cite.
Can see have included direct quote at end.

17. Paraphrasing and quoting the example text
The worlds of academia, psychology and science have all shaped different ways of thinking with varying degrees of reliability, from “soundly based theory to more speculative journalism” (Maylor, 2010, p.18).
Sometimes very easy to do, sometimes hard – make sure you understand what you are paraphrasing and don’t change the meaning of someone’s text.
Whenever you paraphrase make sure you cite.
Can see have included direct quote at end.

18. Information-prominent
In-text citations
... there are two main ways to produce an in-text citation, called the information-prominent and author-prominent methods (McMillan and Weyers, 2010, p. 194)
McMillan and Weyers (2010, p. 194) suggest that there are two main ways to produce an in-text citation, called the information-prominent and author-prominent methods...
Information-prominent
Author-prominent

19. (Mullins, Davies, Poole and Browne, 2013)
Citing...tips
For sources where there are four or more authors only put the first author then et al. e.g.:
(Mullins et el., 2013)
NOT
(Mullins, Davies, Poole and Browne, 2013)

20. Citing...tips
For website sources do not include the web address in the citation e.g.:
(Guardian, 2011)
NOT
( 2011)

21. Citing...mistakes to avoid
No citation
( 2011)
(Mullins 2013 pp1-255)

22. Part 2
Reference List

23. Reference List
EVERY citation must have a full reference at the end of your document in one list called the Reference List
Your references will be ordered alphabetically by author surname
The information included in each individual reference depends on the source

24. Referencing a book What information do we need to reference a book?
(Microsoft, 2014)

25. Referencing a book Author(s) / editor(s) name(s) Year of publication
Title of the book
Place of publication
Publisher
(Microsoft, 2014)

26. Example - Referencing a book
Mullins, L.J Management & Organisational Behaviour. 10th edn. Harlow: Pearson.
(Microsoft, 2014)

27. Referencing a journal article
What information do we need to reference a journal article?
(Microsoft, 2014)

28. Example - Referencing a journal article
Article author(s)
Date of publication
Article title
Journal title
Volume and issue number
Page numbers
DOI (in some cases)
(Microsoft, 2014)

29. Referencing a journal article
Patel,C., Mathur, M., Escarcega, R.O. and Bove, A.A Carcinoid heart disease: Current understanding and future directions. American Heart Journal, 167(6), pp
(Microsoft, 2014)

30. Referencing a website
What information do we need to reference a website?
(Microsoft, 2014)

31. Referencing a website Author’s or organisation’s name
Year created (or last updated)
Name of website or web page
Web address (or URL for short)
Date accessed
(Microsoft, 2014)

32. Example - Referencing a website
Papworth Hospital, Welcome to the Papworth Hospital Knowledge Zone. [online] Available at: < [Accessed: 9th October 2014].
Corporate author
(Microsoft, 2014)

33. Practical examples

34. (Maron et al., 2014)
Maron, B.J., Ommen, S.R., Semsarian, C., Spirito, P., Olivotto, I. and Maron, M.S., Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Present and Future, With Translation Into Contemporary Cardiovascular Medicine. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, (64)1 pp
(Microsoft, 2014)

35. (Holloway, 2008)
Holloway, I., A-Z of Qualitative Research in Healthcare. 2nd edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
(Microsoft, 2014)

36. (Greenwood and Barer, 2012)
Greenwood, D. and Barer, M. R Microbiology and medicine. In: Greenwood, D., Barer, M., Slack, R., and Irving, W., ed Medical Microbiology. 17th edn. London: Elsevier Limited, Ch.1.
Chapter 1 reference
(Microsoft, 2014)

37. (General Medical Council, 2014)
General Medical Council, Research. [online] Available at: < [Accessed: 6th October 2014].
(Microsoft, 2014)

38. Some common referencing mistakes
Mullins
Management & Organisational Behaviour
2013
Is this a book/journal article/chapter?
Difficult for someone else to find without a full title and more details

39. Some common referencing mistakes
Effective study skills
2007
Again, no indication of the type of material
No author has been given

40. Some common referencing mistakes
Cottrell, S., The Study Skills Handbook. 3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Price, G. and Meier, P. (2007) Effective Study Skills: Unlock Your Potential. Harlow: Pearson Longman.
All the right information is here

41. Some common referencing mistakes
Cottrell, S., The Study Skills Handbook. 3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Price, G. and Meier, P. (2007) Effective Study Skills: Unlock Your Potential. Harlow: Pearson Longman.
All the right information is here
But the dates are inconsistently referenced
Remember, consistency is key!

42. Some common referencing mistakes
interactive/2011/aug/15/everything-know-climate-change
Not enough just to quote a web address
When did you access the website?
Who was written the material and when?

43. Things to remember Follow exact spellings of titles
Never change the order of the authors
Never “guess” parts of a reference; if in doubt, leave
Be consistent

44. Resources The Knowledge Zone –
Anglia Ruskin have an excellent pdf guide for Harvard
Browse useful titles in the Library.

45. Any Questions?
(Microsoft, 2014)

46. Reference List
Maylor, H., Project Management. 4th edn. Harlow: Pearson Education.
McMillian, K. and Weyers, J., The Study Skills Book. London: Pearson.
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right. 9th edn. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Quittner, A.L., Modi, A.C., Lemanek, K.L., Levers-Landis, C.E. and Rapoff, M.A., Evidence-based Assessment of Adherence to Medical Treatments in Pediatric Psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(9), pp Turnitin, Originality Check. Available at: [Accessed: 9th October 2014].
Verbeek, J.,2014. Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work
[podcast]. August. Available at: [Accessed: 9th October 2014].