1. 1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Computer Software

2. 2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives  Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.  Give examples of several major types of application and system software.

3. 3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (continued)  Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.  Outline the functions of an operating system.

4. 4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (continued)  Describe the main uses of software programming languages and tools.

5. 5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Section I Application Software: End User Applications

6. 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software  Types of software  Application software  System software

7. 7 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software (continued)  Application software for end users  Application-specific  General-purpose  Perform common information processing jobs  Sometimes known as productivity packages

8. 8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software Suites and Integrated Packages  Suites are a number of productivity packages bundled together  Microsoft Office  Lotus SmartSuite  Corel WordPerfect Office  Sun StarOffice

9. 9 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software Suites and Integrated Packages (continued)  Advantages of suites  Cost  Similar graphical user interface  Share common tools  Programs are designed to work together  Disadvantages of suites  Large size  Many features never used by many end users

10. 10 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software Suites and Integrated Packages (continued)  Integrated Packages  Combine SOME of the features of several programs  Cannot do as much as individual packages or suites

11. 11 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Web Browsers  Key software interface to the hyperlinked resources of the World Wide Web and the rest of the Internet  Internet Explorer  Netscape Communicator

12. 12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic Mail and Instant Messaging  E-Mail  Has changed the way people work and communicate  Instant Messaging  An e-mail/computer conferencing hybrid technology  Allows real time communication/collaboration

13. 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Word Processing and Desktop Publishing  Word Processing  Has computerized the creation, editing, revision, and printing of documents.  Advanced features  Desktop Publishing  Design and print newsletters, brochures, manuals, and books  Page design process  Page makeup or page composition  WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get)

14. 14 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic Spreadsheets  Used for business analysis, planning, and modeling  Involves designing its format and developing the relationships (formulas)

15. 15 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic Spreadsheets (continued)  Allows end users to perform:  What-if  Goal-seeking  Sensitivity analysis  Strength  Computation and calculation

16. 16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Management  Performs four primary tasks  Database development  Define/organize content, relationships, and structure of the data  Database Interrogation  Selectively retrieve and display information  Produce forms, reports, & other documents

17. 17 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Management (continued)  Four primary tasks (continued)  Database maintenance  Add, delete, update, and correct the data  Application development  Develop prototypes of web pages, queries, forms, reports, and labels

18. 18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Management (continued)  Strength  Storage of large amounts of data  Weakness  Computation and calculation

19. 19 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation Graphics  Helps convert numeric data into graphic displays  Helps prepare multimedia presentations  Easy to use

20. 20 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Information Managers  For end user productivity and collaboration  Store, organize, and retrieve information  Information about customers  Appointments  Contact lists  Task lists  Schedules

21. 21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Groupware  Collaboration software  Helps workgroups and teams work together to accomplish group assignments  Combines a variety of software features and functions  E-mail  Discussion groups and databases  Scheduling  Task management  Audio and videoconferencing  Data sharing

22. 22 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Business Software

23. 23 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Section II System Software: Computer System Management

24. 24 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. System Software Overview  Programs that manage and support a computer system and its information processing activities  Serves as the software interface between computer networks and hardware and the application programs of end users

25. 25 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. System Software Overview (continued)  Two major categories  System management programs  Operating systems  Network management programs  Database management systems  System utilities  System development programs  Programming language translators & editors  CASE (computer-aided software engineering)

26. 26 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating Systems  Integrated system of programs that  Manages the operations of the CPU  Controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system  Provides various support services as the computer executes application programs

27. 27 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating Systems (continued)  Performs five basic functions  Provides a user interface  Allows humans to communicate with the computer  Command-driven  Menu-driven  Graphical user interface

28. 28 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating Systems (continued)  Five basic functions (continued)  Resource management  Manages the hardware and networking resources of the system  Virtual memory capability

29. 29 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating Systems (continued)  Five basic functions (continued)  File management  Controls the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs  Keeps track of the physical location of files

30. 30 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating Systems (continued)  Five basic functions (continued)  Task management  Manages the accomplishment of the computing tasks of end users  Multitasking  Multiprogramming  Timesharing

31. 31 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating Systems (continued)  Popular Operating Systems  Windows  95, 98, ME  NT  2000  XP

32. 32 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating Systems (continued)  Popular operating systems (continued)  UNIX  Linux  Mac OS X

33. 33 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Management Programs  Perform functions such as  Automatically checking client PCs and video terminals for input/output activity  Assigning priorities to data communication requests from clients and terminals  Detecting and correcting transmission errors and other network problems  Sometimes functions as middleware that allows diverse networks to communicate with each other

34. 34 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Management Systems  Controls the development, use, and maintenance of databases.  Helps organizations use their integrated collections of data records and files  Allows different user application programs to easily access the same database  Simplifies the process of retrieving information from databases

35. 35 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other System Management Programs  Utility Programs  Perform miscellaneous housekeeping and file conversion functions  Data backup  Data recovery  Virus protection  Data compression  Data defragmentation  Performance monitors and security monitors

36. 36 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages  Allows a programmer to develop the sets of instructions that constitute a computer program  Machine Language  First generation language  Written using binary codes unique to each computer

37. 37 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages (continued)  Assembler Language  Second generation  Requires language translator programs called assemblers  Allows a computer to convert the instructions into machine instructions  Frequently called symbolic language

38. 38 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages (continued)  High-level Languages  Third generation  Uses instructions, called statements, that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions  Uses translator programs called compilers or interpreters  Syntax and semantics

39. 39 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages (continued)  Fourth-generation Languages (4GLs)  More nonprocedural and conversational than prior languages  Natural languages  Ease of use gained at the expense of some loss in flexibility

40. 40 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages (continued)  Object-Oriented Languages (OOP)  Ties data elements to the procedures or actions that will be performed on them into “objects”  Easier to use and more efficient for programming GUIs

41. 41 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages (continued)  HTML, XML, and Java  Important for building multimedia Web pages, websites, and Web-based applications  HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)  A page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents

42. 42 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages (continued)  XML (eXtensible Markup Language)  Describes the contents of web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data  Makes the web site more searchable, sortable, and easier to analyze  Java  Designed for real-time, interactive, Web- based network applications  Applets

43. 43 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Software  Helps programmers develop computer programs  Two basic categories  Programming language translators  Programming tools

44. 44 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Software (continued)  Language Translator Programs  Assembler  Translates symbolic instruction codes into machine language instructions  Compiler  Translates high-level language statements  Interpreter  Translates and executes each statement in a program one at a time

45. 45 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Software (continued)  Programming Tools  Programming editors and debuggers  Provides a computer-aided programming environment or workbench  Diagramming packages  Code generators  Libraries of reusable objects & code  Prototyping tools  CASE

46. 46 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discussion Questions  What major trends are occurring in software? What capabilities do you expect to see in future software packages?  How do the different roles of system software and application software affect you as a business end user? How do you see this changing in the future?

47. 47 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discussion Questions (continued)  Why is an operating system necessary? Why can’t an end user just load an application program in a computer and start computing?  Should a Web browser be integrated into an operating system?

48. 48 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discussion Questions (continued)  Are software suites, Web browsers, and groupware merging together? What are the implications for a business and its end users?  How are HTML, XML, and Java affecting business applications on the Web?

49. 49 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discussion Questions (continued)  Do you think Windows 2000 and Linux will surpass Unix and Netware as operating systems for network and Web servers?  Which application software packages are the most important for a business end user to know how to use?

50. 50 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 1 – Intuit Inc.  Why has Intuit’s success improved under Bennett’s leadership?  What are several things Intuit could do to successfully compete with Microsoft and others in the future?

51. 51 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 1 (continued)  Why does Intuit dominate its small-business software market segment?  What software products and services does Intuit have that might support Bennett’s strategy to appeal to larger small businesses?

52. 52 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 1 (continued)  Do you agree with CEO Bennett’s strategy to have Intuit compete with Microsoft in the software market for larger small businesses?

53. 53 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 2 – Amazon, Orbitz, and Others  The Business Case for Linux  What are the business and technical benefits of switching from proprietary systems to Linux on Intel-based servers?

54. 54 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 2 (continued)  Why can Linux make a strategic difference in the profitability of some companies?  What are the limitations of Linux for business use?

55. 55 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 2 (continued)  Should most companies investigate the use of Linux for their businesses?  Why or why not?

56. 56 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 3 – Burlington Coat Factory and Others  Evaluating Software Suite Alternatives  What is the business case for switching from Microsoft Office to alternatives like Sun StarOffice or gobeProductive?

57. 57 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 3 (continued)  What is the business case against such a switch?  What are the weaknesses of the “Office” competitors?

58. 58 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 3 (continued)  What are several business or technical improvements the developers of Sun StarOffice or gobeProductive could make to better compete with Microsoft Office?

59. 59 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 4 – Clark Retail & Others  Evaluating Operating System Upgrades  Why do many companies have no plans to switch to Windows XP?

60. 60 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 4 (continued)  What is a business case for switching to Windows XP?  What is a business case against switching?

61. 61 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 4 (continued)  What are several improvements you would like to see Microsoft make in the next version of Windows?

62. 62 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 5 – Dollar Rent A Car & Imperial Sugar  Pioneering Web Services  What are Web services?  How are they used?

63. 63 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 5 (continued)  What is the purpose and business value of Web services?  What is delaying the implementation of Web services at many companies?

64. 64 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 5 (continued)  What can companies do now to prepare to implement Web services?  What do you see as the future for Web services?