1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Computer Software

2. 4-2 Learning Objectives  Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.  Give examples of several major types of application and system software.  Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end-user productivity and collaborative computing.

3. 4-3 Learning Objectives  Define and describe the functions of an operating system.  Describe the main uses of computer programming software, tools, and languages.  Describe the issues associated with open-source software.

4. 4-4 Section 1 Application Software: End-user Applications

5. 4-5 I. Introduction to Software  What is Software? – software is programs – instructions that tell the computer and associated peripherals what to do  Types of Software  System Software – programs that run the computer  Application Software – programs perform a function/job for you

6. 4-6 I. Introduction to Software  Application Software for End Users  General Purpose Application Programs – perform common information processing jobs for end users  Productivity Package – increases productivity of user  Application-Specific Software – does a specific function

7. 4-7 I. Introduction to Software  Custom Software – designed and created specifically to do a particular job for one company  Commercial Off-the-Shelf Software (COTS) – developed to sell many copies (usually for profit); source code may not be modified by user  Open Source Software – anyone may modify the software, the documentation and source code are available to anyone

8. 4-8 I. Introduction to Software

9. 4-9 II. Business Application Software  Available to support any part of business  Reengineer/Automate Business Processes  Customer Relationship management (CRM)  Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)  Supply Chain Management (SCM)

10. 4-10 II. Business Application Software  Internal Organizational Activities  Human Resource management (HRM)  Accounting  Finance  Decision Support tools  Data Mining  Enterprise Information Portals  Knowledge Management Systems

11. 4-11 SAP Business Suite 7: Introducing Modular Scenarios Cutting Across Organizational Functions  What is Business Suite 7?  What does Business Suite 7 provide?  How does this help the organization?  What is the Need that this product fills?

12. 4-12 III. Software Suites and Integrated Packages  Software Suites – bundle together a variety of general-purpose software applications  Advantages:  Lower cost than buying each package individually  All the programs use a common graphical user interface (GUI)  The programs are designed to work together  Disadvantages:  Many features are never used  Suites take up a lot of disk space

13. 4-13 III. Software Suites and Integrated Packages  Integrated Packages – combine some but not all of the functions of several programs; offer advantages in a smaller package  Less powerful than software suites – leave out some functions  Take up less disk space than software suites  Cost less than software suites

14. 4-14 IV & V. Web Browsers & E-Mail  Web Browsers – the most widely used software (even more than email)  Electronic Mail, Instant Messaging, and Blogs  Email – has changed the way people communicate  Instant Messaging (IM) – email/computer-conferencing hybrid  Blog – short for Weblog or Web Log – a personal or commercial website on a particular topic or range of topics, frequently updated

15. 4-15 VI. Word Processing and Desktop Publishing  Word Processing – creation, revision, editing, and printing of documents; spell checkers and grammar checkers, thesaurus  Desktop Publishing – produce printed documents that look professionally published

16. 4-16 VII & VIII. Spreadsheets and Presentation Graphics  Spreadsheets – used for analysis, planning, and modeling; calculations, graphics, what-if scenarios  Presentation Graphics – convert numeric data into graphics displays for easy and intuitive comprehension

17. 4-17 IX & X. Personal Information Managers (PIM) and Groupware  Personal Information Managers (PIM) – help end-users store, organize, and retrieve basic personal and business information  Groupware – helps workgroups and teams collaborate

18. 4-18 XI. Software Alternatives  Application Service Providers – provide necessary applications for a fee (rather than a firm developing or purchasing the s/w)  Cloud Computing – a recent advance in computing and software delivery; software and virtualized hardware are provided as a service over the Internet; “cloud” is a metaphor for the Internet  Software Licensing – a complex topic involving copyrights, trademarks, and intellectual property rights; in most cases software is not purchased but “licensed” for use under very specific circumstances

19. 4-19 McAfee Inc.: Security under a Software- as-a-Service Model  What SaaS does McAfee offer?  What are the advantages of this service?  How is different from other products on the market?

20. 4-20 Australian Maritime Safety Authority: Cloud Computing? Nothing New  What need did AMSA have?  How did a cloud service provide for this need?  What were the cost differentials between in-house development and the SaaS version?  What were the risks of using the SaaS version?

21. 4-21 Section 2 System Software: Computer System Management

22. 4-22 I. System Software Overview  System Management Programs – programs that manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources  System Development Programs – programs that help users develop IS programs and procedures; CASE tools

23. 4-23 I. System Software Overview

24. 4-24 II. Operating Systems – programs that run the computer operations  Operating Systems Functions –  User Interface – how the user communicates with the computer  Graphical User Interface (GUI)  Command-driven  Menu Driven  Resource Management – manages the hardware and network resources  File Management – controls the creation, deletion, and access of files of the data and programs

25. 4-25 II. Operating Systems – programs that run the computer operations  Operating Systems Functions –  Task Management – manages which tasks are performed and when  Multitasking (Multiprogramming or Timesharing) – programs take turns using the processor  Preemptive – each program gets a slice of time  Cooperative – programs use the processor when it is not being used by another program  Virtual Machines- applications run independently at the same time

26. 4-26 II. Operating Systems – programs that run the computer operations  Unix – a multitasking, multiuser, portable (runs on different hardware platforms) operating system  Linux – low-cost, reliable, powerful, open-source UNIX-like operating system  Open-Source Software – source code is available to users, can be modified by users

27. 4-27 II. Operating Systems – programs that run the computer operations  OpenOffice.org 3 – an open-source office suite, may be used entirely free without any license fees  Mac OS X – the latest OS from Apple for Macintosh computers  Application Virtualization – software technologies that allow applications to run on various platforms

28. 4-28 Toronto’s Hospital for Sick Children: Challenges in Making Virtualization Work  What is the biggest problem with virtualization at “Sick Kids”?  What is another problem?  What does this tell you about many vendors? Why would they do this?  What’s the problem with data migration? Why is this a continuing problem?

29. 4-29 III. Other System Management Programs  Utilities – system management programs marketed separately from an operating system  Middleware – helps diverse software work together more efficiently

30. 4-30 IV. Programming Languages  Machine Languages – first generation language – instructions written in binary (0’s and 1’s); runs directly on the computer  Assembler Languages – second generation language – uses symbols/mnemonics to represent operational codes; converted into binary by an Assembler  High-Level Languages – third generation language – BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN; converted into binary by Compliers and Interpreters; users tell the computer What results they want and How to get there

31. 4-31 IV. Programming Languages  Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL) – non- procedural languages; users tell the computer What results they want, but the computer decides How to get there  Fifth Generation Languages (5GL) – natural languages, very close to English, conversational  Object-Oriented Languages (5GL) – combine the data elements and the programs that act on them into Objects; Reusability

32. 4-32 Modern (and Automatic?) Code Generation  Why is automatic code generation important?  Why would this be important for non- programmers?

33. 4-33 V. Web and Internet Languages and Services  HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) – a page description language (markup languages are NOT programming languages)  XML (eXtensible Markup Language) – describes the Content of Web pages by applying contextual labels to the data

34. 4-34 Aptara Inc.: Revolutionizing the Publishing Industry through XML  Why are traditional publishing houses experiencing lower sales?  Why is a shift to digital publishing a challenge?  What opportunities are to be found?  Why is this good for the user/customer?  What does.xml have to do with this?

35. 4-35 V. Web and Internet Languages and Services  Java and.NET  Java – a platform independent, object-oriented programming language; very powerful  Applets – small Java programs that can be executed by any computer running any OS anywhere on the network .NET – Microsoft’s collection of programming support for Web services  Web Services – software that electronically links applications of different users and different platforms

36. 4-36 V. Web and Internet Languages and Services

37. 4-37 Airbus: Flying on SAP and Web Services  Why does Airbus like an open architecture?  Why did Airbus want a Web-services based travel management system?  What benefits does this system provide?

38. 4-38 VI. Programming Software  Language Translator Programs – instructions must be translated into binary to be executed by the computer  Assembler – translates symbolic instructions written in assembly language  Compiler – translates high level language statements; translates the entire program (Source code) into binary (Object code) then executes the entire binary program

39. 4-39 VI. Programming Software  Interpreter – translates and executes one line of the program at a time  Programming Tools – help programmers identify and minimize errors as they write the code  CASE Tools (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) – automated software support tools for developing systems