1. Chapter
Lead Black Slide
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2. Chapter Information System Software
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3. Our Agenda Software Concepts Application Software System Software
Chapter
Our Agenda
Software Concepts
Application Software
System Software
Software Development
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4. Learning Objectives Explain in detail what programs and software are.
Chapter
Learning Objectives
Explain in detail what programs and software are.
Identify the common application software used in information systems.
Describe some ways users can tell an operating system what to do.
Describe some of the capabilities of operating systems.
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5. Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Chapter
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Explain the main differences between the five types, or generations, of programming languages.
Explain the difference between object-oriented programming and traditional programming, and identify one traditional and one object-oriented programming language.
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6. Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Chapter
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Identify programming languages that are used with the Internet and the World Wide Web.
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7. Chapter Information System Software
Software Concepts
Information System Software
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8. Chapter
Software Concepts
A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.
Software can be a single program or a group of programs needed to perform several functions.
Simple programs may have a few hundred instructions (lines of code) though most have many more (several million).
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9. Chapter Information System Software
Application Software
Information System Software
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10. Individual Application Software
Chapter
Individual Application Software
Word processing
Spreadsheet
Graphics
Database
Browser
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11. Workgroup Application Software
Chapter
Workgroup Application Software
Groupware
software
Information sharing software
Electronic conferencing software
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12. Other Application Software
Chapter
Other Application Software
Organizational application software
Generally organization specific
Interorganizational application software
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Generally common to the participating organizations
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13. Chapter Information System Software
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14. Operating System Concepts
Chapter
Operating System Concepts
An operating system is a group of programs that manages the operation of the computer.
Three functions of an operating system
Process management
Resource management
Data management
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15. Operating System Concepts (cont’d.)
Chapter
Operating System Concepts (cont’d.)
Organization of an operating system
Most operating system programs are stored in secondary storage.
One operating system program is stored in a section of primary storage. It goes by various names – kernel – but generically called the “supervisor”.
The supervisor controls all activity in primary storage.
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16. Using an Operating System
Chapter
Using an Operating System
Starting the computer is called booting which transfers the “supervisor” from secondary storage to primary storage.
Connecting to a network or other multi-user environment is called logging in.
Detaching from a network is called logging out.
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17. Elements of an Operating System
Chapter
Elements of an Operating System
User interface is the visual link between the user and the software.
Small pictures on the screen are icons.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) uses
Buttons
Icons
Menus
Dialog boxes
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18. Capabilities of Operating Systems
Chapter
Capabilities of Operating Systems
Multitasking is appearing to execute more than one program at a time, though the CPU can execute instructions from only one program at a time.
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19. Capabilities of Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Chapter
Capabilities of Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Multi-user or Multiple-user programs permit more than one person to use the program, and data, at a time.
One technique that is used with multiple-user operating systems is time sharing. With this technique, the users are each allocated a small amount of time by the operating system.
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20. Capabilities of Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Chapter
Capabilities of Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Two types of operating systems
Batch operating systems where the first program is executed and all data processed before moving to the second program.
Interactive operating systems allow user interaction as the program executes. Most personal computer operating systems permit user interaction.
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21. Capabilities of Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Chapter
Capabilities of Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Virtual memory is supplemental primary storage (RAM) or “real” memory where the programs are too big for primary storage. It is created on a secondary storage device, usually the hard drive, and is generally temporary in nature.
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22. Capabilities of Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Chapter
Capabilities of Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Virtual memory operating systems execute large programs by dividing the program into parts and transferring the necessary parts of the program from secondary storage to primary storage as needed.
The transfer process does not require any action by the user.
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23. Personal Computer Common Operating Systems
Chapter
Personal Computer Common Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft DOS (and others)
IBM OS/2
Apple Mac OS
UNIX
Linux
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24. Multi-User Computer Common Operating Systems
Chapter
Multi-User Computer Common Operating Systems
IBM OS/390
Hewlett Packard MPE (MultiProgramming Executive)
UNIX
Network Operating Systems
Novell Netware
Windows 2000 Server
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25. Other System Software Utility programs
Chapter
Other System Software
Utility programs
Sort utility – rearranges data in a specified order
Merge utility – merges two files into one
Print utility – prints the contents of a file
Copy utility – copies data from one device to another
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26. Other System Software (cont’d.)
Chapter
Other System Software (cont’d.)
Communications software – used for communications between computers.
Database management systems – used for managing databases.
Software development software – software used to develop software.
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27. Chapter Information System Software
Software Development
Information System Software
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28. Programming Language Concepts
Chapter
Programming Language Concepts
What is a programming language?
Why are there so many programming languages?
How do you select a programming language?
What are the types of programming languages?
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29. What is a Programming Language
Chapter
What is a Programming Language
English is a natural language. It has words, symbols and grammatical rules.
A programming language also has words, symbols and rules of grammar.
The grammatical rules are called syntax.
Each programming language has a different set of syntax rules.
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30. Why Are There So Many Programming Languages
Chapter
Why Are There So Many Programming Languages
Programming languages have evolved over time as better ways have been developed to design them.
Different programming languages are designed for different types of programs.
First programs were developed in the 1950s.
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31. How Do You Select a Programming Language
Chapter
How Do You Select a Programming Language
Is it designed for the type of program that needs to be written?
Is it available on the computer being used?
Are trained programmers available?
Is it easy to write programs in the language?
Is the language efficient when the program is executed?
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32. What Are the Types of Programming Languages
Chapter
What Are the Types of Programming Languages
First Generation Languages
Second Generation Languages
Third Generation Languages
Fourth Generation Languages
Fifth Generation Languages
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33. First Generation Languages
Chapter
First Generation Languages
Machine language
Operation code – such as addition or subtraction.
Operands – that identify the data to be processed.
Machine language is machine dependent as it is the only language the computer can understand.
Very efficient code but very difficult to write.
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34. Second Generation Languages
Chapter
Second Generation Languages
Assembly languages
Symbolic operation codes replaced binary operation codes.
Assembly language programs needed to be “assembled” for execution by the computer. Each assembly language instruction is translated into one machine language instruction.
Very efficient code and easier to write.
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35. Third Generation Languages
Chapter
Third Generation Languages
Closer to English but included simple mathematical notation.
Programs written in source code which must be translated into machine language programs called object code.
The translation of source code to object code is accomplished by a machine language system program called a compiler.
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36. Third Generation Languages (cont’d.)
Chapter
Third Generation Languages (cont’d.)
Alternative to compilation is interpretation which is accomplished by a system program called an interpreter.
Common third generation languages
FORTRAN
COBOL
C and C++
Visual Basic
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37. Fourth Generation Languages
Chapter
Fourth Generation Languages
A high level language (4GL) that requires fewer instructions to accomplish than a third generation language.
Used with databases
Query languages
Report generators
Forms designers
Application generators
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38. Fifth Generation Languages
Chapter
Fifth Generation Languages
Though no clear definition at present, natural language programs generally can be interpreted and executed by the computer with no other action by the user than stating their question.
Limited capabilities at present.
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39. Programming Languages
Chapter
Programming Languages
Two broad groups
Traditional programming languages
Sequences of instructions
First, second and some third generation languages
Object-oriented languages
Objects are created rather than sequences of instructions
Some third generation, and fourth and fifth generation languages
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40. Traditional Programming Languages
Chapter
Traditional Programming Languages
FORTRAN
FORmula TRANslation.
Developed at IBM in the mid-1950s.
Designed for scientific and mathematical applications by scientists and engineers.
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41. Traditional Programming Languages (cont’d.)
Chapter
Traditional Programming Languages (cont’d.)
COBOL
COmmon Business Oriented Language.
Developed in 1959.
Designed to be common to many different computers.
Typically used for business applications.
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42. Traditional Programming Languages (cont’d.)
Chapter
Traditional Programming Languages (cont’d.)
BASIC
Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
Developed at Dartmouth College in mid 1960s.
Developed as a simple language for students to write programs with which they could interact through terminals.
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43. Traditional Programming Languages (cont’d.)
Chapter
Traditional Programming Languages (cont’d.) C
Developed by Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s.
Provides control and efficiency of assembly language while having third generation language features.
Often used for system programs.
UNIX is written in C.
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44. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Chapter
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Smalltalk
First object-oriented language.
Developed by Xerox in mid-1970s.
Still in use on some computers.
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45. Object-Oriented Programming Languages (cont’d.)
Chapter
Object-Oriented Programming Languages (cont’d.)
C++
It is C language with additional features.
Widely used for developing system and application software.
Graphical user interfaces can be developed easily with visual programming tools.
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46. Special Programming Languages
Chapter
Special Programming Languages
HTML
HyperText Markup Language.
Used on the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW).
Web page developer puts brief codes called tags in the page to indicate how the page should be formatted.
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47. Special Programming Languages (cont’d.)
Chapter
Special Programming Languages (cont’d.)
XML
Extensible Markup Language.
A language for defining other languages.
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48. Special Programming Languages (cont’d.)
Chapter
Special Programming Languages (cont’d.)
JAVA
An object-oriented language similar to C++ that allows a web page developer to create programs for applications, called applets that can be used through a browser.
Objective of JAVA developers is that it be machine, platform and operating system independent.
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49. Information Systems Software
Chapter
Information Systems Software
Key Terms
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50. Key Terms Assembler Assembly Language BASIC Booting Browser Button C
Chapter
Key Terms
Assembler
Assembly Language
BASIC
Booting
Browser
Button C
C++
COBOL
Command
Compiler
Database Software
Dialog Box
Electronic Conferencing Software
Electronic Messaging Software
FORTRAN
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51. Key Terms (cont’d.) Fourth-Generation Language (4GL)
Chapter
Key Terms (cont’d.)
Fourth-Generation Language (4GL)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Graphics Software
Groupware
HTML
Icon
Information Sharing Software
Interpreter
Java
Menu
Multitasking
Network Operating System (NOS)
Object
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52. Key Terms (cont’d.) Object-Oriented Programming Operating Environment
Chapter
Key Terms (cont’d.)
Object-Oriented Programming
Operating Environment
Page
Programmer
Programming
Programming Language
Prompt
Spreadsheet Software
Time-Sharing
User Interface
Utility Program
Virtual Memory
Window
Word Processing Software
XML
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53. Summary Software Concepts Application Software System Software
Chapter
Summary
Software Concepts
Application Software
System Software
Software Development
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54. Chapter
Final Black Slide
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