1. Byzantines, Russians, and Turks
Unit 2
Chapter 11

2. I. Rise of Byzantine Empire
Communications cause separation
Justinian succeeds throne
Absolute power
Justinian Code

3. Justinian Code Code: 5,000 Roman Laws
Digest: summarized opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers
Institutes: textbook that told law students how to use the laws
Novellae (New Laws): legislation passed after 534.

5. II. Justinian Achievements: Life in Constantinople Public buildings
Hagia Sophia
Baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, & hospitals
Greco-roman culture
Life in Constantinople
“Middle Way”: Mese
Hippodrome
Nika Rebellion

6. III. Byzantine Empire Collapses
Multiple setbacks
Crisis after crisis
Justinian dies (556 A.D.)
Attacks from the East and West; eventually taken over by the Ottoman Turks

7. IV. Christian Church Divides
Differences in development
Icons banned (by Emperor Leo III in the East, Theodora restores them)
Pope orders excommunication of Leo
Pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other
Christian Church officially splits

8. Church Divides (cont’d)
Roman Catholic (West):
Latin
Pope most powerful
Officials not allowed to marry
Divorce prohibited
Eastern Orthodox (East):
Greek
Patriarch
Emperors most powerful
Allowed to marry
Divorce allowed

9. Church Divides (cont’d)
Same beliefs:
Faith based on gospel
Use sacraments
Priests and bishops lead
Seek to convert people
2 successful missionaries (St. Methodius and St. Cyril; east) invent alphabet: Cyrillic Alphabet
Many Slavic languages, including Russian, are written in this alphabet

10. V. Russian Roots
Trade increased interactions between Byzantium and Northern neighbors (Slavs.) This blend created Russian culture.
Ural Mountains: 1st unified territory
King Rurik: Viking chief made king
Founded Novgorod 862 CE (1st important city)

11. VI. Kiev A city on Dnieper River— easy access to Constantinople
Slavs and Vikings intermarry;
line b/w Slavs and Vikings disappears
Vladimir (980 CE)
Brought Christianity to Russia
Sent out teams to observe
several religions

12. Kiev (cont’d) Yaroslav the Wise: 1019; came to power Great glory
Skillfully married off daughters to kings of Western Europe
Legal code
1st library
Christianity prospered
After his death, divided realm among sons; led to separations and the decline of Kiev

13. VII. Mongols Genghis Khan Alexander Nevsky Destroy Kiev
Very savage and brutal
Demand lots of money and
massive obedience (isolated Russia)
Alexander Nevsky
Novgorod’s Prince and military hero; advised cooperation with Mongols

14. VIII. Russia’s Independence
Moscow founded
Volga River
Dnieper River
Don River
w/ control of rivers came control
of Russia
Ivan I
Gained Mongol favor
Moved Patriarch to Moscow (gave
city prestige, and created an ally in
the church)
3. Enlarged territory

15. Russian Independence (cont’d)
Ivan III (czar)
Challenged Mongol rule
Gained independence from Mongols
Bloodless standoff at Ugra River
Wanted Russia to be the “Third Rome”

16. IX. Rise of the Turks Turks overthrow Abbasids (Muslims)
Seljuk Dynasty takes over; 1055 CE
Defeat Byzantium; take over Baghdad
Turks gain Persian support
Persian served as vizier: prime minister
Malik Shah: most famous Seljuk sultans
Beautified Isfahan

17. X. Seljuk Empire Falls
Malik Shah died 1092; no one capable to replace him
Pope Urban II launches 1st Crusade: religious wars between Christians and Muslims
Called Christians to drive out Turks from Anatolia and recover Jerusalem
1099: Christians captured Jerusalem and massacred its Jewish and Muslim inhabitants

18. Crusades (cont’d) Eventually, Saladin (Muslim) recovered Jerusalem
Richard I of England signs truce which gave Jerusalem to Muslims but granted Christians access to holy places
More crusades called for
Mongols (1200 CE) take Baghdad; huge empire; manage it poorly; Ottomans take over