1. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Physical Changes Physical development matter of diversity in middle adulthood Primary aging—more universal (gray hair) Secondary aging—earlier habits have strong effects (smoking, drinking, exercise) More research on midlife is needed!

3. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Physical Changes The Brain and Nervous System Cognitive tasks activate larger area of brain tissue in middle-aged adults –Cognitive processing may be less selective with age Middle aged process sensory stimuli differently, experiencing problems with attentional control—but are still safer drivers than younger adults

4. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers The Brain and Nervous System Middle aged brains respond more slowly to cognitive tasks Behavioral choices and mental health affect the brain. Circulatory system health can affect parts of the brain involved with memory, planning, and processing speed

5. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers The Reproductive System Males Climacteric: loss of reproductive capacity Gradual with a slow loss of reproductive capacity Quantity of viable sperm produced declines slightly Very slow drop in testosterone –Gradual loss of muscle tissue –Increased risk of heart disease Erectile dysfunction or impotence increases

6. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Menopause in Women Cessation of menses due to declines in sex hormones, estrogens and progesterone Occurs roughly at age 50, though anything between 40 and 60 is normal May be occurring at later ages in more recent cohorts of women

7. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Menopause Phases Premenopausal phase –Estrogen levels begin to fluctuate and decline –Cycles without ovum are more common –Dramatic drop in progesterone Perimenopausal phase –More extreme variations in menstrual cycle –Hot flashes – sudden sensations of being hot –Hot flashes may cause sleep deprivation in many women Sleep deprivation can generate psychological distress

8. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Menopause Postmenopausal phase Once a woman has stopped menstruation for one year Estrogen and progesterone are very low Breast tissue becomes softer Uterus becomes smaller Vagina becomes smaller, thinner, less elastic, and produces less lubricant

9. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Hormone Therapy (HT) Progesterone and estrogens administration Women’s Health Initiative Study –Placebo controlled experiment –HT does not prevent cardiovascular disease or other illnesses in midlife women –Ameliorates menopausal symptoms –May protect against osteoporosis (thinning of bone density due to loss of calcium)

10. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Menopause Psychological Effects Research mixed on menopausal effects –Depressive symptoms may increase BUT –Longitudinal research shows no relationship between menopause and serious depression Woman’s negativity and overall life stressors affect moods during menopause Women with more severe symptoms of sleep deprivation may feel more anxiety Ethnicity can influence women’s attitudes about menopause and aging –African American women less concerned

11. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 15.1 Ethnicity and Women’s Attitudes about Aging

12. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Menopause Sexual Activity Most remain sexually active, although frequency of activity declines somewhat Demands of other roles are pressing middle-aged adults, so less time for sex Increasing illnesses such as diabetes and arthritis may explain declines

13. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers The Skeletal System Osteoporosis –Reduced bone mass –More brittle and porous bones –Can cause bone fractures Linked to loss of estrogens and progesterone in women –Hormone replacement therapy may help –Getting sufficient calcium early in life helps –Regular weight-bearing exercise helps –New bone-building medications

14. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Vision Loss of Visual Acuity More people need reading glasses due to farsightedness—Presbyopia Lens of the eye thickens and the total amount of light reaching the retina decreases Harder for muscles around the eye to change the shape of the lens to adjust the focus Part of primary aging requiring physical and psychological adjustment

15. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Hearing Presbycusis – loss of hearing Auditory nerve and structures in the inner ear gradually deteriorate Losses occur in high and low frequencies After age 55, hearing loss accelerates Both primary aging and secondary aging effects occur –Environmental noise hastens the loss of hearing

16. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 15.2 Trends in U.S. Life Expectancy UPDATE

17. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Atherosclerosis –Arteries become clogged with plaque –Clogged arteries cause heart attacks and strokes Leading cause of death in U.S. –Majority of Americans have at least one risk factor –Risks are cumulative – the more risks you have the higher your risk for heart disease –However, rates recently are dropping

18. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cardiovascular Disease Personality and Health Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman Type A personality pattern –Competitive strivings for achievement –Sense of time urgency –Hostility or aggressiveness –Compared themselves to others –Frequent conflict with co-workers Type B personality pattern –Less hurried and more laid back

19. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cancer Second leading cause of death for adults 45 years+ Risk factors similar to heart disease Establishing and maintaining good health habits early on reduces risks The role of dietary fat is a controversial risk factor Several types of cancer caused by infectious agents –HPV linked to cervical cancer –Epstein-Barr virus associated with ear, nose, and throat cancers

20. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Questions to Ponder Looking at your parents, what risk factors do they have for cancer or heart disease? What are controllable variables in your life that could lead to reduced risk for these diseases? What cognitive functions or physical would you miss the most if they began to deteriorate as you began to age? Why?

21. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Gender and Health Women’s life expectancy greater than men’s –Women have more diseases and disabilities that limit daily activity –Already present in early adulthood and difference grows larger with age Men die of CVD at higher rates than women. –Women have greater ability to recover –Women recover higher levels of physical functioning from heart attacks than men

22. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Socioeconomic Class, Race, and Health Social class more significant predictor of health variations in middle age than at other adult ages Occupational level and education are the best predictors of health African Americans have shorter life spans than Whites

23. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Socioeconomic Class, Race, and Health Cardiovascular disease Disables or kills higher proportion of African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans than either White or Asian Americans Among women, obesity is a leading factor Among men, hypertension is the key risk

24. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Socioeconomic Class, Race, and Health Diabetes Proportion of adults who suffer from diabetes growing for all racial groups Diabetes a risk factor for CVD, blindness and kidney failure Minorities have higher risks than Whites Minorities have higher risks for diabetes complications too

25. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Socioeconomic Class, Race, and Health Cancer African Americans have higher rates of some cancers and poorer survival rates –Prostate, colon, lung cancer –African American women have higher breast cancer rates Asian American have higher rates of liver cancer Minorities fail to receive routine screenings

26. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Alcoholism Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol More than 40% of men and 20% of women report alcohol problems at some point in life Long-term drinking harms brain, heart, liver, digestive system Increases risk of death Some effects of alcoholism are reversible if the individual stops drinking

27. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cognitive Functioning Some cognitive abilities improve in midlife Adults have large bodies of skill and knowledge Can compensate for some cognitive losses

28. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cognitive Functioning One model of physical and cognitive aging Nancy Denny –On nearly any measure of physical and cognitive functioning, age-related changes follow typical curve –Height of the curve varies based on exercise of the skill or ability –More fully exercise that skill or ability, higher the peak performance –There is an underlying decay curve related to age

29. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 15.3 Denney’s Model of Physical and Cognitive Aging

30. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cognitive Functioning Baltes and Baltes Physical declines of middle age create selective optimization with compensation to combat effects of aging –Be selective Minimize distractions –Optimize strengths –Use compensatory strategies EXAMPLE: Wear reading glasses

31. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Health and Cognitive Functioning Subjects who had cardiovascular disease showed earlier and larger declines on intellectual tests Even adults on blood pressure medicine have declines in functioning Exercise lowers mortality risks Physical activity also may help maintain cognitive functions

32. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 15.4 Exercise and Mortality Figure 15.5

33. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Memory Function The subjective experience of forgetfulness increases with age Middle-aged experts are proficient at overcoming perceived memory limitations –Develop cognitive strategies to buffer effects of aging Visual memory – the ability to remember an object you have seen for a few seconds – declines in middle age Performance on remembering lists of words declines after age 55

34. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Semantic and Episodic Memories Episodic memories –Recollections of personal events –Middle aged use cues to help remember (where did I put my car?) Semantic memories –Represent general knowledge Episodic memories slow with age, but not semantic memories

35. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Practiced and Unpracticed Skills Practice helps maintain or gain a skill “Use it or lose it” holds true for cognitive skills Expertise in a particular field helps compensate for age-related deficits in cognitive functioning Middle aged adults use different strategies than younger adults to remember expository text

36. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Creativity Original, appropriate and valuable ideas or solutions to problems Simonton looked at the creativity and productivity of thousands of notable scientists. –First significant work –Their best work –Their last work Thinkers produced their best work at about 40, publishing outstanding work in their 50s

37. © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Creativity Divergent thinking a key to creativity –Generate multiple solutions to problems –Often arises from cognitive bits and pieces Goleman’s stages: –Preparations –Incubation –Illumination (the aha! moment) –Translation