1. Chapter 1 Pre-History to 1550
Many Cultures Meet
Chapter 1
Pre-History to 1550
Obj: How did Natives get here
How did different cultures develop
What were the major cultural areas.

2. Section 1 The American Indian
A. First Americans
Called Paleo-Indians
Two Theories on how they got here
1. Land Bridge- ice age exposed a land bridge- Beringia- 15,000 years ag0
2. 40,000 years ago, natives sailed small boats here while hunting

3. B. Paleo Indians 12,000-10,000 years ago- earth warmed
Following game, natives spread out all over North and South America
Many different cultures would emerge.
Why?
Adapt to where they settle

4. C. Agriculture
Natives developed farming in central Mexico 3,500 years ago.
Starting growing corn- Maize
Let to the development of permanent settlements
This would lead to civilization-ex. Mayas, Aztecs,
Why?

5. D. Early Cultures 1. Southwest tribes
Had to adapt to dry climate- built canals, dams
Houses made of adobe- sun dried brick
Examples- Hohokam, and Anasazi
Disappeared about AD 1100 and 1300
Why??
Cliff Palace in Chaco Canyon

6. 2. Mississippi Valley More fertile and temperate climate
Grew into big civilizations
Cahokia- center of Cahokia society- largest city in NA- 10,000-40,000 people
Also disappeared
Cahokia mounds?

7. 3. Great Planes Arid climate People were nomads Lived in tepees. Why??
Gatherer hunters, following buffalo
Horse changed the lives of the Great planes Indians

8. 4. Eastern Woodland Lived in Eastern U.S.
Long winters and warm summers
Developed into two groups
Algonquin
Iroquois
Iroquois league was first confederation in North America

9. E. Common Culture Did not develop into nations
Usually no central figure of authority- spread out among many chiefs
Religions centered on nature
Little private property

10. Section 2 The Europeans Describe Europe in 15th century
What changes were taking place
What was happening on Iberian Peninsula at end of middle ages and into Renaissance

11. A. 15th Century Europe Middle Ages- after collapse of Romans
Basically sucked
No central governments
Famine, disease, foreign invasion
Bubonic Plague killed off 1/3 of Europe
Society based on Feudalism
Ruling elite- Lords-knights-Peasants- most people were peasants
These feudal states always warring

12. B. Europeans Explore Church dominated medieval society
1400’s pope called on all good Christians to raise armies to conquer the Holy Land from the Muslims
Failed miserably, but ideas and goods spread through crusades
Helped lead to the Renaissance- rebirth of learning
Europeans started exploring the world again

13. C. New Trade Increase in exploration led to trade
Trade led to a increase in the middle class
Merchants brought wealth
Wealth led to the revival of nations- France, Great Britain, Italy
End of Feudalism, start of monarchies

14. D. Reconquista
Isabella and Ferdinand married to unite Spain against the Muslim moors to take back the Iberian peninsula
1492 Reconquista was complete

15. E. Portuguese exploration
Three inventions
Caravel
Compass
Astrolabe
Quadrant
Prince Henry the Navigator- directed exploration
Portugal began building an empire exploring West Africa

16. Section 3 West Africa
OBJ: describe cultural characteristics of West Africa in 15th century
Summarize contact between Europeans and Africans
Explore how slave trade began

17. A. West African Kingdoms
The Portuguese opened West Africa up to trade
3 African Kingdoms
Ghana- earliest
Mali- most famous ruler- Mansa Musa-
Songhai- latest kingdom- capital at Timbuktu

18. B. Slavery in Africa
Slavery existed in Africa before Europeans arrived
Captured people, criminals, or undesirables
How was slavery different in Africa?
Were adopted, given important jobs, and were released with time

19. C. Portuguese Exploit Trade
First- wanted gold
Then peppers, ivory, copper, and finally slaves
Relied on West African tribes to capture slaves for them
By 1500, buying 1,800 slaves a year
Millions more would follow

20. Section 4 First Encounters
OBJ: identify goals of C. Columbus
Explain consequences of his journey to Americas
Analyze effects of European Contact with Indians

21. A. Spain looks West Portuguese explorers still going around Africa
Why? Italy dominated overland routes
Bartolommeo Dias- reached Cape of Good Hope
Vasco Da Gama- went around cape and reached India
Spain wanted to find their own trade route

22. B. Columbus
From Italy
Believed could sail west- based on bad math- off by 7,000 miles
Also heard stories of Vikings visiting land in west
In 1492, Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain to finance his trip

23. C. Set Sail 3 ships- Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
90 men- many of which were convicts
Reached the Bahamas after 33 days
Claimed all land for Spain
God, Glory, and Gold?
Called natives “Indians”
Thought he was in West Indies

24. D. Settlement Set up settlement of Hispaniola
Left men and when he returned, his men had been killed
Used as an excuse to kill and subjugate the native populations
Columbus died in 1506

25. E. Divided lands
Pope divided new territory between Spain and Portugal with line of Demarcation. Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain west of it in New World, Portugal east in Africa. However, Brazil did extent pass the line
Why did pope do this????
Native not considered

26. F. More Explorers John Cabot for English explored Newfoundland
Pedro Alvarez Cabral for Portugal explored coast of Brazil
Amerigo Vespucci named new continent America after himself
Ferdinand Magellan and 1522, circled the globe

27. G. Conquistadors Spanish soldiers in search of GGG’s
Hernan Cortes- led group of 600 volunteers
Took on the Aztec empire of central Mexico
Montezuma was the Aztec leader
Capital was Tenochtitlan- about 200,000 inhabitants
How did 600 take down the Aztecs???
City destroyed and Spanish take the wealth

28. Francisco Pizarro- another conquistador
Marched south with 180 soldiers
Took on the Incas and their empire in Peru and Chile and capital of Machu Picchu
Destroyed the Incas and sent back riches to Spain
Advantages- steel, guns, horses, and germs
Indian populations devastated

29. E. Transatlantic Exchange
Europeans brought many things to new world and took things back to Europe.
Examples????