1. Africa

2. Early African General Geography General Geography Plateau: Africa shaped like an upside down bowl Plateau: Africa shaped like an upside down bowl Rivers: Nile, Congo, Niger all blocked by rapids and hard to travel upstream (isolation and lack of trade) Rivers: Nile, Congo, Niger all blocked by rapids and hard to travel upstream (isolation and lack of trade) Deserts Deserts – Sahara Desert: Covers one-fourth of Africa (North) – Kalahari and Namib Deserts (South) Savannas: Dry grasslands south of the Sahara desert and north of Kalahari and Namib Deserts Savannas: Dry grasslands south of the Sahara desert and north of Kalahari and Namib Deserts Tropical Rainforest: Center of Africa (equator) Tropical Rainforest: Center of Africa (equator) Mountains: Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya Mountains: Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya

5. Early Africa Language Language Bantu: Early African Language….appeared to have spread over a lot of Sub Saharan Africa Bantu: Early African Language….appeared to have spread over a lot of Sub Saharan Africa Trade Trade Early peoples appear to have had some interactions with Asia Early peoples appear to have had some interactions with Asia Society Society Matrilineal: Ancestors and property traced back through their mothers instead of fathers Matrilineal: Ancestors and property traced back through their mothers instead of fathers Religion Religion Similar to other areas…gods and spirits based on nature Similar to other areas…gods and spirits based on nature

7. Ancient Egypt Egyptian Geography Egyptian Geography Nile River: Where the first Civilizations began..predictable flooding was a positive for development of Egypt Nile River: Where the first Civilizations began..predictable flooding was a positive for development of Egypt Sahara Desert: Made invasion impossible Sahara Desert: Made invasion impossible Egyptian Development Egyptian Development Hieroglyphics: Writing Hieroglyphics: Writing Papyrus: Plant that was made into early paper Papyrus: Plant that was made into early paper

8. Ancient Egypt Leaders/Rulers Leaders/Rulers Pharaoh: Absolute power…both religious and political Pharaoh: Absolute power…both religious and political Kingdoms Kingdoms Old (2680 BC-2180 BC): Built Pyramids/Sphinx Old (2680 BC-2180 BC): Built Pyramids/Sphinx Middle (2050-1780 BC): Invaded by foreigners Middle (2050-1780 BC): Invaded by foreigners New (1570 BC-1080 BC): Strongest Empire New (1570 BC-1080 BC): Strongest Empire Famous Pharaohs Famous Pharaohs Hatshepsut: 1 st Female Pharaoh Hatshepsut: 1 st Female Pharaoh Thutmose III: King Tut…one of few tombs found intact Thutmose III: King Tut…one of few tombs found intact Ramses II: Last great Pharaoh..eventually Egyptians lost their freedoms when invaded by Persians in 300 BC Ramses II: Last great Pharaoh..eventually Egyptians lost their freedoms when invaded by Persians in 300 BC

10. Ancient Egypt Religion Religion Gods based of nature Gods based of nature Mummification: Process to prepare the body for life after death. Tomb of Pharaohs would be filled with valuables to take with them to afterlife Mummification: Process to prepare the body for life after death. Tomb of Pharaohs would be filled with valuables to take with them to afterlife Trade Trade Caravans: groups of people traveling together and trading together (safety) Caravans: groups of people traveling together and trading together (safety)

12. East Africa Trade Trade Trade There were no real large kingdoms in the lands located along the Indian Ocean. There were no real large kingdoms in the lands located along the Indian Ocean. More small villages that were centered on trade. More small villages that were centered on trade. Traded gold, ivory, hides and fellow African slaves. Traded gold, ivory, hides and fellow African slaves. A lot of interactions with Muslims from Arabia and Persia A lot of interactions with Muslims from Arabia and Persia Swahili Swahili African culture that developed in Eastern Africa African culture that developed in Eastern Africa Language that combine Bantu with Persian and Arabic Language that combine Bantu with Persian and Arabic Became popular up and down the east coast of Africa Became popular up and down the east coast of Africa Big on trade. Tippu Tip-famous trader and lead Europeans into Africa Big on trade. Tippu Tip-famous trader and lead Europeans into Africa

15. West Africa Trade Trade Salt for gold trade was important along South Sahara Salt for gold trade was important along South Sahara Empires began to grow around this area Empires began to grow around this area Ghana Ghana Earliest empire of West Africa (300 AD) Earliest empire of West Africa (300 AD) Tunka Manin: Ghanaian ruler at the peak of power (1067 AD). Tunka Manin: Ghanaian ruler at the peak of power (1067 AD). Huge Army: 200,000 warriors, bows/arrows/spears Huge Army: 200,000 warriors, bows/arrows/spears Destroyed when the Berbers invaded across the area in 1100 AD. Destroyed when the Berbers invaded across the area in 1100 AD. Berbers carried Islam across North Africa Berbers carried Islam across North Africa

16. West Africa Mali Mali Neighbors of Ghana; gained control of area in 1235 AD Neighbors of Ghana; gained control of area in 1235 AD Mansa Musa: Leader of Mali during its peak of power Mansa Musa: Leader of Mali during its peak of power Timbuktu: Became the leading city of Mali; educational and trade center. Timbuktu: Became the leading city of Mali; educational and trade center. Songhai Songhai Sonni Ali captured Timbuktu after Musa’s death, created a new empire called the Songhai. Sonni Ali captured Timbuktu after Musa’s death, created a new empire called the Songhai. Gao and Timbuktu became main trading centers for people from Europe, India, and China. Gao and Timbuktu became main trading centers for people from Europe, India, and China. Eventually defeated by an army from Morocco that had a new weapon…guns. Eventually defeated by an army from Morocco that had a new weapon…guns.

19. European Involvement Slave Trade Slave Trade Portugal began with a positive relationship with African tribes…then they became greedy and wanted gold and slaves. Portugal began with a positive relationship with African tribes…then they became greedy and wanted gold and slaves. Dutch, English and French would all get involved by the 1600s. Dutch, English and French would all get involved by the 1600s. Middle Passage: Trip the slaves made from Africa to America’s…awful. Part of Triangular Trade. Slaves would be sold in return for “New World” goods headed to Europe and Africa. Middle Passage: Trip the slaves made from Africa to America’s…awful. Part of Triangular Trade. Slaves would be sold in return for “New World” goods headed to Europe and Africa. Over 10 million slaves survived the journey to the Americas. Over 10 million slaves survived the journey to the Americas. West Africa Slave Trade West Africa Slave Trade Strong states began to emerge in West Africa as partners in the slave trade. Strong states began to emerge in West Africa as partners in the slave trade. Slavery of other people was a popular practice in Africa (although freedom was often times granted and not considered property) Slavery of other people was a popular practice in Africa (although freedom was often times granted and not considered property) Problem: Over time, the loss of so many people had awful effects on the development of the area. Problem: Over time, the loss of so many people had awful effects on the development of the area.

29. 1880-1914 New Imperialism  New Imperialism: competition among European nations to grow their empire around the world as much as possible.  This led to conflict among the European nations as well as conflict with the natives.  The Scramble for Africa  Colonization of nearly all of Africa by the European nations  Before 1880 only 10% of Africa was controlled by European powers. Mainly along the coast of W. Africa for the slave trade.  By 1900 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free from European control

30. How and why did it happen? 1) Attraction of Imperialism: Glory of the Conquest 2) “White Man’s Burden” to “rescue” the rest of the world from themselves and “civilize” the native people of Africa and Asia. Leopold and Belgians Leopold and Belgians Leopold II becomes King of Belgium and begins Imperialist rant, pushing for glories and exploration. Leopold II becomes King of Belgium and begins Imperialist rant, pushing for glories and exploration. He sent H.M. Stanley up the Congo River to establish trading posts and began colonization and competition for Africa He sent H.M. Stanley up the Congo River to establish trading posts and began colonization and competition for Africa

31. 1884-1885 Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference (1885) was a series of meetings between the major powers of Europe. They laid down the rules for dividing up Africa. The Berlin Conference (1885) was a series of meetings between the major powers of Europe. They laid down the rules for dividing up Africa. They established the principle of “effective occupation” to claim territory. They established the principle of “effective occupation” to claim territory. They agree to recognized any areas that are already developed by other European nations. Then the powers rushed to establish the areas unoccupied by other European powers. They agree to recognized any areas that are already developed by other European nations. Then the powers rushed to establish the areas unoccupied by other European powers.

32. Which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa? Which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa? Is the cartoon accurate? Does it really show what was going on? Is the cartoon accurate? Does it really show what was going on? How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown? How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown?

33. After the Berlin Conference France conquers much of Western Africa (some of Central) France conquers much of Western Africa (some of Central) British greatly expand their holding by pushing into the south interior and continued interest in Egypt. British greatly expand their holding by pushing into the south interior and continued interest in Egypt. Germany enters the fray with colonies in West Africa, SW Africa, and German E. Africa Germany enters the fray with colonies in West Africa, SW Africa, and German E. Africa Italy gets into the act in Libya and Somalia Italy gets into the act in Libya and Somalia Spain establishes colonies in coastal W. Africa Spain establishes colonies in coastal W. Africa United States Involvement United States Involvement Defended Liberia; a county for freed American slaves to return to. Defended Liberia; a county for freed American slaves to return to. Only independent country in the area. Only independent country in the area.

34. 1800s: Effects of European Imperialism Bad Effects Bad Effects Europeans controlled all aspects of government Europeans controlled all aspects of government They did not create borders that aligned with the tribes of the area. Often put rival tribes within the same borders which led to conflict. They did not create borders that aligned with the tribes of the area. Often put rival tribes within the same borders which led to conflict. Paternalism: Belief that African’s were not able to effectively rule themselves. Paternalism: Belief that African’s were not able to effectively rule themselves. Alliances: Some Africans tried to form alliances with European countries…usually this worked out bad for the African countries (Ethiopia and Italy) Alliances: Some Africans tried to form alliances with European countries…usually this worked out bad for the African countries (Ethiopia and Italy) Most Africans never accepted European rule and culture. Europeans wanted them to assimilate. Did not happen. Most Africans never accepted European rule and culture. Europeans wanted them to assimilate. Did not happen. Good Effects Good Effects New things: crops, ways of farming, roads, and railroads all helped improve communications. New things: crops, ways of farming, roads, and railroads all helped improve communications.

38. Independence Time Post WWI Post WWI After WWI a lot of British colonies began demanding self-rule. After WWI a lot of British colonies began demanding self-rule. Issues Issues Africans had helped GB/France during WWI…now they wanted freedom. Africans had helped GB/France during WWI…now they wanted freedom. Soldiers returning from war had new ideas on nationalism, independence, racism, etc Soldiers returning from war had new ideas on nationalism, independence, racism, etc

39. More Calls for Independence African Organizations African Organizations By the 1930’s most Africans were calling for independence rather than reform. By the 1930’s most Africans were calling for independence rather than reform. This made European countries and tribal chiefs upset This made European countries and tribal chiefs upset Leaders Leaders Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) and Leopold Senghor (Senegal). Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) and Leopold Senghor (Senegal). This leaders followed the non-violent teachings of Gandhi to gain support for independence This leaders followed the non-violent teachings of Gandhi to gain support for independence

41. Back to more independence Independence Movement Independence Movement Grew tremendously after WWII. Most Africans no longer accepted being under the control of European Countries Grew tremendously after WWII. Most Africans no longer accepted being under the control of European Countries Pan Africanism: Cultural unity of people of African heritage in their struggle for freedom. Pan Africanism: Cultural unity of people of African heritage in their struggle for freedom. Europe’s Response Europe’s Response Not all European countries were so eager to give up their lands in Africa Not all European countries were so eager to give up their lands in Africa

42. French Colonies Post WWII Post WWII French Union: All the French colonies were united. They were also able to send representatives to French National Assembly in Paris. French Union: All the French colonies were united. They were also able to send representatives to French National Assembly in Paris. Not really true independence….leaders like Leopold Senghor (Senegal), Felix Houphouet-Boigny (Ivory Coast) and Sekou Toure (Guinea) began to demand more change. Not really true independence….leaders like Leopold Senghor (Senegal), Felix Houphouet-Boigny (Ivory Coast) and Sekou Toure (Guinea) began to demand more change. French Response (1958) French Response (1958) Charles de Gaulle (French President) gave colonies a choice: be apart of French Community (receive aid from France) or be independent (cut off all ties with France/aid)… Charles de Gaulle (French President) gave colonies a choice: be apart of French Community (receive aid from France) or be independent (cut off all ties with France/aid)… Guinea was the only one to cut ties…they became isolated and turned to the USSR for aid. Guinea was the only one to cut ties…they became isolated and turned to the USSR for aid. This freaked out France…let all the other countries have their independence in 1960. This freaked out France…let all the other countries have their independence in 1960.

43. Belgian and Portuguese Colonies Differences in Opinion Differences in Opinion Both Belgium and Portugal did not want to give any self-rule to their African colonies….different than GB and France. Both Belgium and Portugal did not want to give any self-rule to their African colonies….different than GB and France. This led to more violence This led to more violence Belgian Congo Belgian Congo Belgium did not want to give up great wealth in timber and mineral resources of Congo. Belgium did not want to give up great wealth in timber and mineral resources of Congo. Congo was made up of many different regions/tribes Congo was made up of many different regions/tribes Began to unite during and after WWII. Began to unite during and after WWII. Violent uprisings began in 1959…granted independence in 1960. Problem was that the Congo was made up of so many different groups of people. Violent uprisings began in 1959…granted independence in 1960. Problem was that the Congo was made up of so many different groups of people. Patrice Lumumba: Won the first election…all non African’s feared him and immediately left the country…caused Congo to go into Civil War. Patrice Lumumba: Won the first election…all non African’s feared him and immediately left the country…caused Congo to go into Civil War. Joseph Mobutu: Military leader who overthrew Lumumba and ran the country into the 1990s. Renamed to Zaire. Joseph Mobutu: Military leader who overthrew Lumumba and ran the country into the 1990s. Renamed to Zaire. Today it is called the Democratic Republic of Congo Today it is called the Democratic Republic of Congo

44. Belgian and Portuguese Colonies Portugal Portugal Would not give any sort of self government to its colonies Would not give any sort of self government to its colonies Response Response African leaders in Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese West African and Portuguese East Africa all began to form liberation armies to fight against the Portuguese. African leaders in Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese West African and Portuguese East Africa all began to form liberation armies to fight against the Portuguese. Wars ended when leaders of Portugal were overthrown in 1974…new leaders took Portugal out of Africa. Wars ended when leaders of Portugal were overthrown in 1974…new leaders took Portugal out of Africa.

45. Post Independence Ethnic Violence Why Ethnic Violence Why Ethnic Violence Europeans had group people together that had no common heritage..would lead to internal fighting Europeans had group people together that had no common heritage..would lead to internal fighting Nigeria Nigeria By 1963, Nigeria was essentially divided into 4 separate areas (different groups lived in those areas) By 1963, Nigeria was essentially divided into 4 separate areas (different groups lived in those areas) Eastern portion of Nigeria tried to leave the country to form its own country called (Biafra). Eastern portion of Nigeria tried to leave the country to form its own country called (Biafra). Civil War followed, millions of Biafra’s died Civil War followed, millions of Biafra’s died Nigeria remained a whole country. Nigeria remained a whole country. Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and has one of the fastest growing/largest economies in Africa. Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and has one of the fastest growing/largest economies in Africa.

47. Post Independence Ethnic Violence Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire Rwanda and Burundi: Tensions began to grown between two groups (Tutsi’s and Hutu’s) Rwanda and Burundi: Tensions began to grown between two groups (Tutsi’s and Hutu’s) Tutsi’s had long been favored by the Europeans b/c they believed they had come from white decent. Tutsi’s had long been favored by the Europeans b/c they believed they had come from white decent. Generally, there is very little difference between to the two groups. Generally, there is very little difference between to the two groups. A genocide in Rwanda resulted in the Hutu’s killing and raping between 800,000-1,000,000 Tutsi’s (20% of population). This was a result of Rwanda’s Hutu President’s plane being shot down. A genocide in Rwanda resulted in the Hutu’s killing and raping between 800,000-1,000,000 Tutsi’s (20% of population). This was a result of Rwanda’s Hutu President’s plane being shot down. Eventually the Tutsi’s turned the tide and were able to force out the Hutu’s (and kill) hundreds of thousands of them. Most of the refugees went to neighboring Zaire. Eventually the Tutsi’s turned the tide and were able to force out the Hutu’s (and kill) hundreds of thousands of them. Most of the refugees went to neighboring Zaire.

51. Post Independence Ethnic Violence Continued Violence Continued Violence The Rwandan Hutu refugee’s did not get along with the Tutsi’s that were native to Zaire. The Rwandan Hutu refugee’s did not get along with the Tutsi’s that were native to Zaire. Tutsi’s and other groups fought back against the Hutu refugees and the government of Zaire (led by Mobutu Sese Seko). Tutsi’s and other groups fought back against the Hutu refugees and the government of Zaire (led by Mobutu Sese Seko). Eventually the Tutsi and anti-Mobutu forces won Eventually the Tutsi and anti-Mobutu forces won Laurent Kabila was the new ruler and Zaire became the Democratic Republic of Congo. Laurent Kabila was the new ruler and Zaire became the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Democratic Republic of Congo has had tremendous violence towards women and others. Awful place today! The Democratic Republic of Congo has had tremendous violence towards women and others. Awful place today! UN is now trying to keep the peace against the Hutu’s that live along the border between DRC and Rwanda UN is now trying to keep the peace against the Hutu’s that live along the border between DRC and Rwanda

52. Problems Economic Problems Economic Problems Limited Economies: Many African countries were dependent on 1 crop or industry. Limited Economies: Many African countries were dependent on 1 crop or industry. Ghana (Cocoa), Nigeria (Oil), Zambia (Copper), Sudan (Cotton), DRC (Cobalt) Ghana (Cocoa), Nigeria (Oil), Zambia (Copper), Sudan (Cotton), DRC (Cobalt) This has caused most African countries to really struggle financially….led to extreme poverty throughout a good majority of the continent. This has caused most African countries to really struggle financially….led to extreme poverty throughout a good majority of the continent. Nigeria and South Africa are two of the economic success stories from Africa. Nigeria and South Africa are two of the economic success stories from Africa. Population and Environmental Problems Population and Environmental Problems Desertification: spread of the desert….aided by cutting down of trees. Desertification: spread of the desert….aided by cutting down of trees. Droughts have brought starvation to millions of people Droughts have brought starvation to millions of people AIDS and Ebola virus have killed millions as well AIDS and Ebola virus have killed millions as well