1. Unit 5.1 Review PBS

2. How are infectious diseases spread through a population?
Bacteria and Viruses:
Most common infectious agents
Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that can survive on their own
Virus are not cellular and need a host to reproduce
Spread from contact with a contaminated person or thing and through the air
Fungus:
Grow in warm/damp areas and can spread through spores in the air, skin to skin contact, or sharing unwashed clothes 
Protozoa:
Spread by eating contaminated food or by vectors, like mosquitoes and malaria
Helminthes:
Parasitic worms that are transmitted through under cooked meats and eating fecal matter 
Prions:
Mutated proteins that can happen randomly or by infected human tissue

3. What is aseptic technique?
These are techniques used to maintain a sterile environment when working with bacteria.
Important to reduce spread of bacteria and contamination
Aseptic techniques include
Wearing goggles, gloves, and aprons/lab coats
Using Bleach solution to clear your area before and after use
Keep the petri dish closed as much as possible
Use a flame to sterilize slides and loops before use
Wash hands and forearms

4. How can an unknown sample of bacteria be identified?
Colony Morphology
Grow bacteria on Petri Dishes in isolated colonies
Analyze the specific characteristics of colony growth to help determine bacteria species
Gram Staining
Stain bacteria first with grams stain and then safranin.
Gram + will stain purple and Gram – will stain pink
Chemical Tests
A variety of chemical tests can be used to help identify bacteria since each species reacts differently to certain tests.

5. How can an unknown sample of bacteria be identified?
Gram Staining Continued
Gram + have thick peptidoglycan wall that absorbs purple stain
Gram – have thin peptidoglycan wall with an outer lipid membrane. The lipid membrane washes off and then the cell wall is stained pink
Bacteria shape
Gram staining allows us to see the shape on the individual bacteria
Coccus – Circle
Bacilli – Rods
Spirilla - Spiral

6. How does the immune system function to protect the human body from foreign invaders?
Nonspecific Defense
Defense mechanisms against all types of foreign invaders
They do not remember or focus on a specific type of invader
First Line
Skin – protective layer against foreign objects
Mucus – Lines lungs and other inner surfaces that traps and helps expel foreign objects
Nose Hair – Filters air and traps foreign particles

7. How does the immune system function to protect the human body from foreign invaders?
Nonspecific Defense
Second Line
Inflammation – Blood rushes to the area bringing phagocytes and other white blood cells to the area. Also helps to retain the infection in one area
Phagocytes – have receptors that seek out pathogens (bad foreign invaders) and once bound to it the phagocyte eats the pathogen.
Phagocytes can also lead into specific defense by presenting the antigen

8. How does the immune system function to protect the human body from foreign invaders?
Specific Defense
Defense against specific invaders through the use of antigens and antibodies
This comes into play after the invader gets past the nonspecific defense
Two main cells are T-cells and B-cells

9. How does the immune system function to protect the human body from foreign invaders?
Specific Defense
Antigens are proteins on the pathogens that tells human cells what they are.
The phagocyte presents the antigen to helper T-cells that will produce proteins to activate B-cells

10. How does the immune system function to protect the human body from foreign invaders?
Specific Defense
B-cells are activated by T-cells and also connects to pathogen antigens
B-cells produce plasma cells that make antibodies specific to the antigen.
The antibodies attach to the antigen and mark it for phagocytes to destroy.
B-cells also produce memory cells that will “remember” same antigen so if the pathogen invades again the immune response will be faster