1. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

2. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 State Courts of Last Resort SUPREME COURT Court of Appeals (13) Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit District Courts (94) Court of International Trade U.S. Claims Court Courts Martial Court of Military Appeals (and other legislative courts) Major federal courts From McKenna: The Drama of Democracy, 3rd Ed.

3. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Year Number of cases Cases filed in the U.S. Supreme Court, 1938-1993 Source: Reprinted with permission from The United States Law Week, vol. 56, 3102, vol. 59, 3064, vol. 61, 3098, copyright (c) by the Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 1935194019451950195519601965197019751980198519901995

4. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Decade Number of Laws Economic and civil liberties laws (federal, state, and local) overturned by the Supreme Court Source: Harold W. Stanley and Ricahrd G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics, 4/e, Congressional Quarterly Press, Inc., 1994), p. 309. Reprinted with permission. Economic Civil liberties 0 40 80 120 160 200 1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s Series2 Series1

5. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 The high court in profile Source: Supreme Court. Reprinted with permission from the New York Times. Position at TimeAge at Taking Took Officeof AppointmentOathAge in 1997 Appointed by Richard M. Nixon William H. Rehnquist1971Assistant Attorney General4773 Appointed by Gerald R. Ford John Paul Stevens1975Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals5577 Appointed by Ronald Reagan Sandra Day O’Connor1981Judge, Arizona Court of Appeals5167 Antonin Scalia1986Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals5061 Anthony M. Kennedy1988Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals5160 Appointed by George Bush David H. Souter1990Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals5158 Clarence Thomas1991Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals4349 Appointed by Bill Clinton Ruth Bader Ginsburg1993Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals6064 Stephen B. Breyer1994Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals5558 Average ages 5163

6. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998