1. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 1 JOHN EVELYN, PROPOSAL FOR A GREENHOUSE HEATED BY A HOT AIR FURNACE, 1691 CENTRAL HEATING:  THE HEATING OF A NUMBER OF ROOMS IN A BUILDING WITH A SINGLE HEAT SOURCE.  THREE TYPES: WARM AIR, STEAM, & HOT WATER.  IN 1691, JOHN EVELYN PROPOSED MOVING THE STOVE OUTSIDE THE ROOMS TO BE HEATED AND ALLOWING AIR WARMED BY THE STOVE TO BE SUPPLIED TO THE ROOMS.

2. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 2 WILLIAM STRUTT, DERBY MILL & INFIRMARY, 1792 WARM AIR CENTRAL HEATING:  WILLIAM STRUT WAS A MILL OWNER FROM THE BRITISH MIDLANDS.  DERBY MILL & INFIRMARY WAS THE FIRST LARGE SCALE APPLICATION OF WARM-AIR CENTRAL HEATING.  AT THE CENTER OF THE INFIRMARY HEATING SYSTEM WAS A LARGE “COCKLE STOVE,” ACTUALLY A FURNACE IN TODAY’S TERMINOLOGY.  AIR WAS BROUGHT TO THIS STOVE THROUGH AN UNDERGROUND PASSAGE 70 YARDS LONG AND FOUR FEET IN SECTION. THIS PASSAGE USED THE NATURALLY MODERATE UNDERGROUND TEMPERATURES TO PREHEAT THE AIR IN WINTER & COOL IT IN SUMMER.  THE AIR WAS FURTHER HEATED IF NECESSARY, AND ALLOWED TO FLOW UP INTO THE BUILDING THROUGH A GREAT MASONRY DUCT NEAR THE CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE.  IN THIS “GRAVITY” SYSTEM, THE AIR MOVED SOLELY BECAUSE OF THE REDUCED DENSITY OF THE WARMER AIR, AND VENTILATION WAS ACHIEVED AT THE SAME TIME AS HEATING.

3. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 3 NEIL SNODGRASS, DORNOCH MILL, SCOTLAND, 1799 STEAM CENTRAL HEATING:  JAMES WATT MADE AN ATTEMPT AT CENTRAL HEATING IN 1784 TO WARM HIS HOUSE AND OFFICE BY STEAM.  MATTHEW BOULTON & JAMES WATT PRODUCED ONE OF THE FIRST LARGE SCALE STEAM HEATING OPERATIONS AT TWIST MILL IN SALFORD FOR GEORGE LEE.  TWIST MILL WAS A SEVEN-STORY STRUCTURE WHICH USED THE HOLLOW IRON BEARING COLUMNS TO CARRY THE STEAM.  NEIL SNODGRASS USED A SIMILAR SCHEME AT THE DORNOCH MILL IN SCOTLAND.  AT DORNOCH THE BOILER IS PLACED OUTSIDE THE MAIN MILL ROOM PRODUCING STEAM WHICH WAS CARRIED BY A PIPE THROUGH AN END WALL INTO THE ROOM, THEN UP VERTICAL TUBES PLACED NEAR THE WALL. CONDENSATION SIMPLY RAN DOWN OUTSIDE THE SAME TUBES.

4. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 4 BONNEMAIN, CHICKEN INCUBATOR, 1770

5. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 5 JOSEPH BRAMAH, WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, 1830 HOT WATER CENTRAL HEATING:  IN 1830, JOSEPH BRAMAH HEATED WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL USING A HOT WATER SYSTEM.  JACOB PERKINS, AN AMERICAN ENGINEER RESIDING IN LONDON, INVENTED THE HIGH PRESSURE HOT WATER SYSTEM.  THE FIRST PATENTS FOR THIS SYSTEM WERE TAKEN OUT IN 1831, AND THE FIRST INSTALLATIONS WERE MADE IN 1832.  EARLY APPLICATION S WERE THE BRITISH MUSEUM, THE SOANE MUSEUM, AND THE GUILDHALL.  WHEN THE HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM WAS FIRST INTRODUCED, MANY FIRES OCCURRED IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE HOT PIPES.

6. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 6 JACOB PERKINS, SOANE MUSEUM, 1832.

7. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 7 N. H. BUNDY, CAST IRON RADIATOR RADIATOR:  IN 1858, THOS. F. TASKER OF PHILADELPHIA INVENTED THE FIRST RADIATOR.  WROUGHT IRON TUBES WERE FITTED TOGETHER WITH FLANGED JOINTS, AND HELD IN PLACE BY LONG BOLTS PASSING THROUGH THE SECTIONS.

8. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 8 TASKER, FIRST RADIATOR, 1858

9. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 9 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909

10. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 10 WALKER, PROPOSAL FOR DISTRICT HEATING, 1850

11. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 11 BIRDSILL HOLLY DISTRICT HEATING:  HEATING MULTIPLE BUILDINGS WITH A SINGLE HEAT SOURCE.  IN 1850, WALKER SUGGESTED THE POSSIBILITY OF A DISTRICT PLENUM HEATING SYSTEM FOR A ROW OF COTTAGES NEAR A FACTORY.  FIRST APPLICATION OF DISTRICT HEATING WAS BY BIRDSILL HOLLY IN A DISTRICT HEATING PLANT IN LOCKPORT, NEW YORK IN 1877.

12. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 12 JOHN DESAGULIERS, PADDLE WHEEL FAN, 1734

13. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 13 JAMES WATT, STEAM ENGINE, 1765 MECHANICAL VENTILATION:  VENTILATION PROVIDED THROUGH MACHINE POWER.  CREATED BY COMBINING TWO EXISTING INVENTIONS: THE PADDLE WHEEL FAN AND THE STEAM ENGINE.

14. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 14 DR. DAVID BOSWELL REID, ST. GEORGE’S HALL, LIVERPOOL, 1841-1854 ST. GEORGE’S HALL WAS THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF MECHANICALLY POWERED VENTILATION. REID USED FOUR LARGE STEAM-DRIVEN FANS TO FORCE AIR, FILTERED AND WARMED ACCORDING TO NEED, INTO A PLENUM UNDER THE HALL.

15. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 15 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION:  COOLING A BUILDING BY MEANS OF A MEANS OF A REFRIGERATION MACHINE.  FIRST DEMONSTRATION OF THE MAN-MADE PRODUCTION OF COLD WAS BY WILLIAM CULLEN IN SCOTLAND IN 1748.  DURING THE 18 TH & 19 TH CENTURIES BUILDINGS WERE COOLED WITH ICE.  IN 1834, JACOB PERKINS OBTAINED A BRITISH PATENT FOR A CLOSED CYCLE VOLATILE LIQUID COMPRESSOR & CONDENSER.  IN 1844, DR. JOHN GORRIE INVENTED AN ICE MAKING MACHINE TO TREAT HIS FEVER PATIENTS.  IN 1902, WILLIS CARRIER USED MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION TO COOL THE SACKET-WILHELMS LITHOGRAPHING & PRINTING PLANT.  BY 1940 MECHANICAL COOLING WAS USED IN THEATERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, RESTAURANTS, HOTELS & HOSPITALS.  BY 1950 MECHANICAL COOLING WAS A COMMON PRACTICE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS & SMALL STORES.

16. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 16 ICE HARVESTING

17. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 17 ICE MAKING MACHINE, JACOB PERKINS

18. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 18 DR. JOHN GORRIE, ICE MAKING MACHINE, APALACHICOLA, FL, 1844

19. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 19 BEATH & MARTIN, REFRIGERATION MACHINE, 1870’S

20. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 20 WILLIS CARRIER, SACKETT-WILHEMS LITHOGRAPHY & PRINTING COMPANY, 1902.

21. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 21 COOLING OF MOVIE THEATERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, RESTAURANTS, HOTELS, AND HOSPITALS BY 1940

22. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  CENTRAL HEATING  DISTRICT HEATING  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 22 MECHANICAL COOLING:  BY 1950 COOLING OF OFFICE BUILDINGS, SMALL STORES, AND HOMES SOUTH OF THE 40 TH PARALLEL WAS COMMON PLACE.

23. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 23 HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON & OPERA HOUSE, PARIS

24. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 24 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909

25. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 25 JOSEPH PAXTON, CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND, 1851

26. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 26 WALTER GROPIUS, BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU, GERMANY, 1926

27. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 27 WALTER GROPIUS, BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU, GERMANY, 1926

28. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 28 JEAN-JACQUES-MARIE HUVE, THE MADELEINE, PARIS, 1825-45

29. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 29 HELMUT JAHN OF C.F. MURPHY ASSOCIATES, BARTLE EXHIBITION HALL, KANSAS CITY CONVENTION CENTER, MISSOURI, 1976

30. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 30 LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, SEAGRAM BUILDING, NEW YORK, NY, 1954-58

31. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 31 LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950

32. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 32 LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950

33. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 33 LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950

34. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 34 LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950

35. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY  COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES  LARGER AREAS OF GLASS  LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS  RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY  RENEWED INTEREST IN PASSIVE SOLUTIONS COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 35 PASSIVE APPROACHES

36. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 36 CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982

37. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 37 CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982

38. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY 38 CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982