1. SERNOC April 25 th, 2012, Lars Hulgård, Professor, PhD Roskilde University Social Entrepreneurship – an emerging alternative to mainstream market economy or a contribution to the privatization of social responsibility? 1LH.SERNOC.25.04.2012

2. Georg Henrik von Wright: The Myth of Progress De tre nyckeolorden för den stora omvältnning som markerar den moderna erans början var liberté, égalité, fraternité – frihet, jämlikhet, broderskap.(.).Vi behöver inte förkasta idealen, men vi har lärt oss att med skepsis betrakta tanken på att de skulle vära fullständigt och ömsesidigt förenliga. Av de tre slagorden är fraternité, idén om ett universellt mänskligt broderskap, det som fortfarande erbjuder ett oförbrukt hopp. I en värld på väg att enas, tack vare teknisk och industriell utveckling samt rationalisering av de sociopolitiska systemen, har kraven på solidaritet människor emellan fått nya dimensioner. Solidariteten kan inte längre begränsas till en trång krets av blodsförvanter eller gemensamma professionella intressen. Den måste överskrida alla gränser för nation, ras och religion och bli till en global ansvarskänsla (von Wright, 1993: 55) LH.SERNOC.25.04.20122

3. Structure of keynote 1.Four statements about SE 2.Definitions of SE 3.Three examples of SE 4.Social work and management as core themes 5. Two main positions LH.SERNOC.25.04.20123

4. 4 statements about SE research 1.Weak theoretical foundation: no relation to classical positions: “social”, “economy”, “market”, agency”, “change” 2.A gradual move from a social movement understanding of SE to a mainstream market understanding of SE 3.The knowledge base: No general model of social entrepreneurship. Models of SE must be based on ‘local knowledge’ and traditions 4.Social entrepreneurship relies upon two core professions social work and management. None of these can be reduced in SE LH.SERNOC.25.04.20124

5. 2: Definitions of social entrepreneurship LH.SERNOC.25.04.20125

6. Definition The underlying drive for social entreprenurship is to create social value, rather than personal and shareholder wealth, James Austin and Jane Wei-Skillern Social entrepreneurship is not about starting a business or becoming more commercial. It is about finding new and better ways to create social value, Dees, Emerson and Economy Social entrepreneurship.(.).seeks sustainable, large-scale change through pattern- breaking ideas, Light, 2006 & 2008 LH.SERNOC.25.04.20126

7. Definition The creation of social value –Present in all definitions / Acces to ressources / empowerment/ work/ institutional capacity / social justice / livelihood through innovations –New approach to social challenge / problem produced in collaborative and participatory arenas –’Produced with people not for people’, process as important as outcome that often implies an economic component –entrepreneur / stakeholders / community / livelihood LH.SERNOC.25.04.20127

8. 3: Three examples of SE ……an emerging alternative to mainstream market economy or a contribution to the privatization of social responsibility? LH.SERNOC.25.04.20128

9. 4 EXAMPLES The Specialist People Foundation works to enable one million jobs for people with autism and similar challenges through social entrepreneurship, corporate sector engagement and a global change in mind-set … The US market is ripe for Specialisterne. According to the US Census Bureau, the population of the USA is 310 million. Research suggests that approximately 1% (3.1 million people) have ASD, 90% of whom are unemployed http://specialisterne.com/

10. LH.SERNOC.25.04.201210 THE HIGHLANDER RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER founded by Myles Horton in 1932 in a rural Appalachian mountain community Idea / Social value: eliminating poverty and promoting genuine democratic participation for all people Innovation: Use adult education to help individuals and groups develop their own solutions Scope: Developed labor education programs that enabled American labor movements and, in turn, international labor movements to generate political and economic change

11. LH.SERNOC.25.04.201211 THE HIGHLANDER RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER Developed leadership for civil rights movement (Southern Christian Leadership Committee and Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee) HREC’s Citizenship School model trained thousands of blacks in literacy skills in order to gain voting rights and increase participation in local communities Highlander was characterized by both high reach (millions of people) and high transformational impact (Sarah Alvord, ”Social Entrepreneurship”, KSG, Center for Public Leadership, 2002)

12. LH.SERNOC.25.04.201212 Rosa Parks: "At Highlander I found out for the first time in my adult life that this could be a unified society... I gained there the strength to persevere in my work for freedom not just for blacks, but for all oppressed people." Rosa Parks, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., former Mayor Andrew Young of Atlanta, Fanny Lou Hamer and Stokeley Carmichael were among those who attended classes or taught at the school.

13. LH.SERNOC.25.04.201213 Pete Seeger: Zilphia Horton learned it when a group of strikers visited the Highland Folk School. She taught it to me.(.).I sang it to Martin Luther King just six months after he won the bus boycott in 1957.(.).The next day, driving back to Kentucky, King said, ”We Will Overcome”. That song really sticks with you doesn’t it?”

14. LH.SERNOC.25.04.201214 Myles Horton : ”I wanted to know more about the effects of Bishop Grundtvig’s work. He proposed a School for Life to replace lifeless academic schooling.(.).It was important for me to learn that the older type of folk schools could be retained.(.).a five-year long burden had rolled away..(..).. It was not only his educational ideas, but Bishop Grundtvig himself, that attracted me. I saw him as a rebel with prohpetic insights; a champion and inspirer of the poor and voiceless”.

15. LH.SERNOC.25.04.201215 The journey of an idea the inter-relation between ideas, interests and institutions keep society open and alert to innovation (Max Weber)

16. Examples The "Good Water Neighbors“: raise awareness of the shared water problems of Palestinians, Jordanians, and Israelis. identifying cross border communities and utilizing their mutual dependence on shared water resources as a basis for developing dialogue and cooperation on sustainable water management. EcoPeace 16 LH.SERNOC.25.04.2012 http://www.foeme.org/

17. 3 EXAMPLES  All recognized as important examples of SE (Ashoka, KSG, Harvard, Skoll)  Very different in size, scope and target  Clear social values  From medium to large scale innovations  Degree of participation varies  A variety of organizational forms:  Commercial social enterprise  NGO  Social Movement

18. 4: Social work and management as core themes LH.SERNOC.25.04.201218

19. Social entrepreneurship appeals to social work and management. None of these disciplines can be reduced Social workers need to learn about management, supply chains and change. Managers can not treat “social” as a residual or constant LH.SERNOC.25.04.201219

20. 20 Relation between SW and management For social work  to practice change and entrepreneurship  to recognize all parts of the supply chain  to secure a broader and more sustainable ressource base  to practice innovation and management skills  to accept and to learn co-production LH.SERNOC.25.04.2012

21. 21 Relation between SW and management For management  to work with people not for people  to learn and recognize the real value of ’social’ in all it’s dimensions  to aquire skills concerning social issues  to recognize collective dimensions of entrepreneurship  to work with the potential of a plural economy  to recognize the role of government and to work with government LH.SERNOC.25.04.2012

22. 5: Two positions LH.SERNOC.25.04.201222

23. Positions Market-centred  CSR and CSI approach to mainstream market economy (Mair, 2010)  Serving BoP with new solutions  Any entrepreneurial activity: social impact investment, CSR, CSI, social responsible investment, triple bottom line (Reich, 2011)  Creating market entry  Indidual entrepreneurship (Ashoka) People-centred  Part of an emerging counter discourse in the sense of a participatory economy in the areas of social service and livelihood (Laville, 2010)  Social Enterprises, social economy, social movements and NGOs  Creating citizenship  Collective dynamics (EMES) 23 LH.SERNOC.25.04.2012

24. But in the real world, it will be very difficult to operate businesses with the two conflicting goals of profit maximization and social benefits. The executives of these hybrid businesses will gradually inch toward the profit-maximization goal, no matter how the company's mission is designed. For example, suppose we instruct the CEO of a food company to "maximize profit and make sure that poor children benefit nutritionally by providing them with high-quality meals at the lowest possible price." The CEO will be confused as to which part of the instruction is the real instruction. How will his success be judged—on the basis of the money he earns for the investors or on the basis of the social goals he achieves? M. Yunus “Creating a world without poverty – social business and the future of capitalism” 2008 The problem of hybrid social enterprises

25. LH.SERNOC.25.04.201225 Thank you for your attention