1. The Troubles 1969-1998

2. Overview  Three Decades of Violence between Northern Ireland’s (mainly Irish/Catholic) nationalist community and unionist community (mainly British/Protestant)  3524 Deaths  Violence carried out by Ulster Loyalist and PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army)  Goal of PIRA was to end British rule in N. Ireland and reunite Ireland into the “Irish Republic”

3. Beginning  Started with civil rights march in Derry on October 5 th, 1968  Although British troops weren’t deployed until August 4 th, 1969  On May 21 st, 1966 UVF declared war on PIRA

4. Riots of August 1969  Riots started August 12 th, 1969  Riots started as a confrontation between Catholics residents of Bogside and police.  Rioting continued two days before British troops were sent in.

5. Violence Peaks  Violence of The Troubles peaked from 1970- 1972 when nearly 500 people lost their lives, half of them civilians  Nationalists set up curfew on the lower area of Belfast  In 1972 the PIRA killed approximately 100 soldiers, wounded 500 more and carried out over 1,300 bombings

6. Sunningdale Agreement  In June 1973 a new parliamentary body ‘The Northern Ireland Assembly was established.  Protestant workers formed the “Ulsters Workers’ Council” (UWC) and went on strike  Three days into strike UWC on May 17 th, 1974 detonated three no-warning car bombs in Dublin

7. Mid-Late 70’s  Merlyn Rees the Secretary of State for N. Ireland lifted the proscription against UVF in April 1974  In October 1975 the British Government made the UVF an illegal organization.  An organization was formed whose main focus was ending The Troubles peacefully, called Peace People. In 1976 they won the Noble Peace Prize

8. First Ceasefire  The year leading up to the first ceasefire was a very atrocious one.  The UDA and UVF increased their killing of Catholics and the PIRA responded with the Shankill Road Bombing in October 1993. Which accidentally killed 9 protestant civilians and no UDA leaders who were the ones targeted.  On August 31 st, 1994 the PIRA declared a ceasefire, although this was only temporally successful it paved the road for the final ceasefire  In 1995 The United States appointed George Mitchell as the United States Special Envoy for N. Ireland

9. Second Ceasefire  On February 9 th, 1996 less than two years after the declaration of the ceasefire the IRA revoked with the Docklands bombing killing two people and causing £85 million ($131.5 million) in damage to London’s financial centre.  On June 15 th, 1996 the PIRA caused the Manchester Bombing, this was the largest bomb attack in Britain since WWII. Over 200 People InjuredOver 200 People Injured £411 ($636.2 Million) in damage was caused by the Manchester Bombing.£411 ($636.2 Million) in damage was caused by the Manchester Bombing.  In 1998 the INLA declared a ceasefire after the Belfast agreement in 1998

10. Political Aspect  After the second ceasefire talks began between the main political parties in N. Ireland to establish a political agreement.  These talks led to the Belfast Agreement of 1998.  The Belfast agreement restored N. Ireland to “power-sharing”

11. Ulster Defense Regiment  In 2004 the British government declassified the documents regarding The Troubles  The documents stated that: AN estimated 5-15% of UDR solders were directly linked to loyalist parliamentary group.AN estimated 5-15% of UDR solders were directly linked to loyalist parliamentary group. It was feared that UDR troops were loyal to ‘Ulster’ alone rather than to “Her Majesty’s Government”It was feared that UDR troops were loyal to ‘Ulster’ alone rather than to “Her Majesty’s Government” The British Government knew that UDR weapons were being used by loyalist parliamentaries, including the killing of Roman Catholic civilian and other attacks.The British Government knew that UDR weapons were being used by loyalist parliamentaries, including the killing of Roman Catholic civilian and other attacks.

12. Collusion in 80’s & 90’s  Elements within the army and police have been shown to have leaked intelligence to loyalists from the late 1980’s to target republican activists.  In 1992 a British agent within the UDA revealed Army complicity in his activities which included killing and importing arms.  A report released in 2007 stated that UVF informers committed crimes including murder, within the full knowledge of their handlers.

13. Social Repercussions  The Troubles had a immense amount of psychological trauma all through out Great Britain.  Vandalism was also a major problem, in 1970’s Belfast had 10,000 vandalized empty houses.  Social interaction was also affected, causing people from different sides finding it very difficult to talk and have a normal conversation due to The Troubles.

14. Causalities  Between 1969 and 2001, 3,524 people were killed because of The Troubles People Responsible for KillingPeople Responsible for Killing Republican Parliamentary Groups- 2057Republican Parliamentary Groups- 2057 Loyalist Parliamentary Groups- 1019Loyalist Parliamentary Groups- 1019 British Security Forces- 363British Security Forces- 363 Unknown- 82Unknown- 82 Irish Security Forces- 5Irish Security Forces- 5 Deaths by status of victimDeaths by status of victim Civilian- 1855Civilian- 1855 Members of Security Forces- 1123Members of Security Forces- 1123

15. Conclusion  The Troubles lasted over three decades  Enormous amounts of people lost their lives  Caused tremendous amounts of money to British and Irish governments  Had a great social impact on the people of Great Britain