1. CHAPTER 25-”THE CONSERVATIVE TIDE” Identifications

2. 217. entitlement programs-programs that guarantee benefits to particular groups of people. 218. “New Right”-1970’s...right-wing grass-roots groups that supported or promoted single issues that reflected their key interests.

3. 219. affirmative action-policy that required employers and educational institutions to give special consideration to women and other minority groups, even though these people were not necessarily better qualified.

4. 220. reverse discrimination-many saw affirmative action programs as reverse discrimination-favoring one group over another on the basis of race or gender. 221. conservative coalition-an alliance of business leaders, middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats and fundamentalist Christian groups.

5. 222. Moral Majority-formed by Reverend Jerry Falwell...consisted of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the Bible literally and believed in absolute standards of right and wrong. 223. “Reaganomics”-new economic policies of President Reagan: 1. budget cuts, 2. tax cuts, 3. increased defense spending.

6. 224. supply-side economics-basis for Reaganomics-if people paid fewer taxes, they would save more money; banks could loan that money to businesses which would invest it to increase productivity; supply of goods would increase, driving prices down.

7. 225. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)- defense system to protect US from enemy’s missiles...named “Star Wars” after popular movie...estimated cost: $$Trillions!! 226. deregulation-cutting back on federal regulation (control) of industry.

8. 227. George H. W. Bush-served as Vice- P under Reagan...elected 41 st President in Election of 1988...economy was good=voters—why change party in control?

9. 228. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-spread rapidly around the world in 1980’s...virus that destroys immune system, weakens body so it is prone to infections and normally rare cancers...transmitted through bodily fluids...early: homosexuals & intravenous drug users...also, blood transfusions, babies born to mothers with virus.

10. 229. abortion-important issue in ’80’s...”pro-life” vs. “pro-choice”...Jul, 1989, Webster vs. Reproductive Health Care Services—states have right to impose new restrictions on abortions...so, varied from state to state. 230. drug abuse-gangs sold; treatment facilities; Nancy Reagan—”Just Say No” to drugs program.

11. 231. Mikhail Gorbachev-1985, general secretary of Communist Party in USSR...wanted to reform Russian economy and advocated... 232. glasnost-(Russian for “openness”)...allowed criticism of government; steps toward freedom of press...outlined...

12. 233. perestroika-restructuring of Soviet society...less government control of economy, some private enterprise and start of democratic government for Soviet Union.

13. 234. INF Treaty-Gorbachev felt that better relations with US would allow Soviets to reduce military spending and reform economy...INF were arms control meetings...Dec’87-eliminated 2 types of weapons in Europe + allowed on-site inspections of other country’s military sites.

14. 235. Boris Yeltsin-President of USSR- ’92...and President Bush (41) issued formal statement declaring an end to the Cold War!!...marked beginning of new era of “friendship and partnership” between the former antagonists.

15. 236. Opening Berlin Wall-East Germans overturned Communist govt and on 09.Nov.1989—opened the Berlin Wall--- allowing free passage between the divided city since 1961.

16. 237. Tiananmen Square-April ’89, Chinese college students held demonstrations (constructed Statute of Liberty) to symbolize struggle for democracy...Chinese Army crushed demonstration-slaughtering unarmed college students.

17. 238. Sandinistas-rebels who overthrew dictatorship in Nicaragua in 1979...Carter recognized new government...President Reagan called it Soviet outpost-”exporting revolution” and began to support...

18. 239. Contras-guerilla forces who opposed Sandinistas in Nicaragua in 1981...supported by US. 240. Grenada-tiny Caribbean island...1983, US overthrew pro-Cuban (commie) government.

19. 241. Panama-1989,Bush (41) sent troops to Panama to arrest General Manuel Noriega on charges of drug trafficking...formerly supported by CIA, Noriega was involved in international drug trade...got 40 years in prison.

20. 242. Iran-Contra Scandal-irregularity of arms sales to Iran in exchange for Americans held hostage in Lebanon in 1983...some of $$ from sale was sent to Nicaragua to assist the Contras (a violation of no assistance policy)...hearings, trial—Colonel Olvier North found guilty of participating in cover- up.

21. 243. Persian Gulf War-Aug.’90, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq army invaded neighbor Kuwait, looted it and advanced on Saudi Arabia...if it took S.A. it would control ½ of world’s known oil reserves...

22. 244. Operation Desert Storm-Bush(41) organized coalition to liberate Kuwait...16.Jan.91- launched massive air assault—On 23.Feb, launched ground assault from Saudi Arabia...on 28.Feb, President Bush announced ceasefire...Kuwait was liberated...fewer than 400 US casualties!!