1. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson 016 Global Climate Change Ch 14 Environment & Ecology

2. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Central Case: Rising seas may flood the Maldives

3. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Central Case: Rising seas may flood the Maldives

4. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Central Case: Rising seas may flood the Maldives

5. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Our dynamic climate Climate: an area’s long-term atmospheric conditions - Temperature, moisture content, wind, precipitation, etc. - Influences everything around us Weather: conditions at localized sites over hours or days Global climate change: describes trends and variations in Earth’s climate - Temperature, precipitation, storm frequency Global warming: an increase in Earth’s average temperature - Earth’s climate has varied naturally through time. - The rapid climatic changes taking place now are due to human activity: fossil fuels, combustion, and deforestation.

6. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson What changes climate? Changes in: - Sun’s output - Earth’s orbit - Drifting continents - Volcanic eruptions - Greenhouse gases

7. Global Warming

8. The E-M Spectrum The Sun’s Energy Warms the Earth

9. Fate of Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth reflection Clouds (20%) snow and ice + the earth’s surface (20%) atmospheric dust (6%) reflection Clouds (20%) snow and ice + the earth’s surface (20%) atmospheric dust (6%)

10. Fate of Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth absorption Oceans + Land (51%) Atmosphere (16%) Clouds (3%) Plant photosynthesis (<1%) absorption Oceans + Land (51%) Atmosphere (16%) Clouds (3%) Plant photosynthesis (<1%)

11. Fate of Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth Radiated to space from clouds and atmosphere (64%) Radiated directly to space from Earth (6%) Radiated to space from clouds and atmosphere (64%) Radiated directly to space from Earth (6%) Radiation

12. Earth’s Atmosphere

13. The Greenhouse Effect

14. Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Water Vapor Ozone

15. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Thousands of Years Before Present Temperature Change ( o F) Atmospheric CO 2 (ppm)

16. Year Temperature Carbon Dioxide Temperature Change ( o F) Atmospheric CO 2 (ppm) Atmospheric CO 2 & Surface Temperature Trends

17. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson

19. July 28, 2013: 396.77 ppm

20. b Sea level rise b Increased plant primary productivity b Shifts in the distribution of plants and animals b Water contamination and outbreaks of water-borne diseases b Increased storm severity b Potential melting or enlargement of polar ice caps b Changes to patterns of rainfall b More severe droughts or increased precipitation b changes to ocean circulation patterns Predicted changes with increased greenhouse warming

21. Ice Age 18,000 years ago

22. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Sea Level Changes due to Ice Ages and Ice Cap Melting

23. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Year Changes in Mean Sea Level Mean Sea Level Rise

24. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Summer Arctic Sea Ice Decline Comparison between 1979 & 2005 Summer Arctic Sea Ice Decline Comparison between 1979 & 2005

25. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Early Fall Arctic Sea Ice Extent Sea Ice Extent (million km 2 ) Year

26. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Greenland Seasonal Surface Melting Surface melting

27. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson

28. Permafrost

29. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Permafrost

30. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Permafrost melting

31. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Permafrost melting

32. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Permafrost melting Drunken forest

33. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Year North Atlantic Tropical Storms 10-year running average North Atlantic Tropical Storms 10-year running average Named Tropical Storms

34. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Larsen B Ice Shelf 220 m thick Lost 5700 km 2 (2x Rhode Island) Reduction of 40%

35. 1 Meter Sea Level Rise Waikiki http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/FloodingOahu/index.php http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/sealevel/waikiki.html

36. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Sea Level Rise Destroys coastal habitat (e.g. salt marshes, mangroves) Destroys human property Increases pollution Decreases freshwater supply Venice, 2008

37. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Effect on Marine Life Phytoplankton bloom due to light and temperature cues Changes will impact food web Hypoxia may result

38. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Effect on Fisheries Migrations are in response to temperature May impact fisheries

39. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Effect on Corals Coral bleaching Leads to loss of habitat and food for reef- dependent species

40. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Currents Oceanic conveyor belt may change ocean currents Currents carry plankton Bring food and oxygen Distribute eggs and larvae Remove wastes and pollutants

41. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Salinity Animals have a narrow range of tolerance Glacial melting inputs lots of freshwater

42. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Projected changes in precipitation High latitudes = increased precipitation Low and middle latitudes = decreased precipitation will worsen water shortages in developing countries

43. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Acidity CO 2 makes water acidic Corals and other calcium carbonate species can’t make skeleton Impact on plankton development impacts food web Coral calcification rate reduced 15-20% Skeletal density decreased, branches thinner

44. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Temperature Higher temperature results in less O 2 - Results in hypoxia Ice melting leaves no resting/hunting areas for polar bears Antarctic Krill impacts food web

45. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Invasive Species Algae smothers coral Invasive species out-compete natives

46. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Weather Events More severe weather patterns El Niño Hurricanes Mudslides Forest Fires Drought

47. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Sea Surface Temperature Aug 3, 2013 http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/

48. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Origin and paths of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones are intense low pressure storms created by: –Warm water –Moist air –Coriolis effect

49. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Niño = warm surface current in equatorial eastern Pacific that occurs periodically around Christmastime Southern Oscillation = change in atmospheric pressure over Pacific Ocean accompanying El Niño ENSO describes a combined oceanic- atmospheric disturbance

50. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson El Niño Oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean Occurs during December 2 to 7 year cycle Sea Surface Temperature Atmospheric Winds Upwelling

51. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Normal conditions in the Pacific Ocean

52. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson El Niño conditions (ENSO warm phase)

53. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson La Niña conditions (ENSO cool phase; opposite of El Niño)

54. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson El Ni ñ oNon El Ni ñ o 1997

55. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Non El Niño El Niño thermocline upwelling

56. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson El Niño events over the last 62 years 82-83 65-66 72-73 57-58 86-87 91-92 94-95 97-98 02-03 09-10 Red - Strong El Nino Blue- Strong La Nina Black – moderate (either) 50-51 55-56 64-65 70-71 73-74 75-76 88-89 98-99 99-00 07-08 10-11 11- 12

57. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson 196919511957195019551973 197619631965195419701975 197719681972195619981988 200419861982196220071999 20061987199719642010 19911967 19941971 20021974 20091984 1995 2000 El NiñoLa Niña WeakModStrongWeakModStrong 2011

58. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Effects of severe El Niños

59. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Why was it created? - Created in 1988 by the United Nations Environmental Program - Established to provide policy-makers with an objective source of information about climate change

60. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) The IPCC 2013 report concluded that it is more than 95% likely that most global warming is due to humans. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/09/syria-s-jihadists- linked-to-organized-crime.html

61. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Shall we pursue mitigation or adaptation? Mitigation: pursue actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions to lessen severity of future climate change - Renewable energy, efficiency, farm practices to protect soil integrity, preventing deforestation Adaptation: accept climate change is happening and pursue strategies to minimize its impacts - Uses technology and engineering, adjusting farming to cope with droughts, etc. - Criticized as sidestepping Both are necessary

62. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Transportation Ways to help: - Make vehicles more fuel-efficient, hybrid cars - Drive less - Public transportation is the most effective way to conserve energy, reduce pollution. - Live closer to your workplace, so you can bike or walk. - Design cities and workplaces to be more friendly to pedestrian and bicycle traffic.

63. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Conventional cars are inefficient The typical automobile is highly inefficient.

64. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson The FCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC): outlines a plan for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000 through a voluntary, nation-by-nation approach - By the late 1990s, it was clear that the voluntary approach would not succeed. - Most developed nations did not voluntarily cut emissions. The Kyoto Protocol mandates that, between 2008-2012, signatory nations must reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels below those of 1990. - This treaty took effect in 2005, after Russia became the 127th nation to ratify it.

65. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson The Kyoto Protocol seeks to limit emissions The United States will not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. - It requires industrialized nations to reduce emissions, but not rapidly industrializing nations (China and India). China India

66. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Market mechanisms address climate change Permit trading programs - Harness the economic efficiency of the free market to achieve policy goals while allowing businesses flexibility - Polluters choose how to best reduce their emissions A cap and trade emissions trading program - Each state decides who needs to participate. - Each sets a cap on allowable carbon emissions. - Each emissions source gets one permit. - The source can buy or sell permits. - Any source emitting more than its permitted amount will face penalties.

67. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Carbon offsets are in vogue Emissions trading programs allow participants to buy carbon offsets. Carbon offset: a voluntary payment to enable another entity to reduce emissions that one is unable to reduce oneself HawaiiCalifornia 1 flight = 2,268 CO 2 6 trees/passenger = 1 round trip flight

68. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson You can reduce your own footprint The most influential factor may be the collective decisions of millions of people. Our carbon footprint expresses the amount of carbon we are responsible for emitting.

69. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson 1.3bt 980m 4m 28t 890m How much CO 2 is created by _____/year 1.4bt 1.5m 15t 2000t 7t 30t 1.9bt 610m 373t 4.3bt 100t 682m 8.3bt 810m Iceland Germany Brazil Ave. world citizen Ave. UK citizen Ave. N.A. citizen Malawi Rearing a child (carbon high) Russia Ave. Australian U.S. U.K. China. Rearing a child. France India Canada Australia Rearing a child (carbon consciously) http://calculator.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx

70. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson 1.Invest in clean energy 2.Energy efficient cars 3.Create green jobs 4.Become carbon neutral 5.Become more energy efficient 6.Protect forests 7.Tax global warming pollution 8.Coal plants use new technology 9.Cap CO 2 emissions 10. make low polluting biofuels more available Top 10 solutions to climate change

71. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Conclusion Many factors influence Earth’s climate. - Human activities play a major role. Climate change is well underway. - Further emissions will cause severe impacts. More and more scientists and policymakers are urging immediate action. - Reducing emissions, and mitigating and adapting to a changing climate, represents the foremost challenge for our society.

72. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Activity: What is your Super Power?

73. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Amazing CO 2 Absorber

74. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review “Global warming” is defined as: a)Atmospheric conditions at localized sites b)Atmospheric conditions over hours or days c)An area’s long-term atmospheric conditions d)An increase in Earth’s average temperature e)Trends and variations in Earth’s precipitation

75. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review “Global warming potential,” when referring to greenhouse gases, means: a)The ability of a molecule to contribute to global warming b)The ability of a molecule to prevent global warming c)Carbon dioxide is the most potent greenhouse gas d)Energy travels back to the Earth, after being emitted e)That all other molecules are measured against CFCs

76. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review Which of the following are major contributors of global warming? a)Burning fossil fuels and recycling b)Deforestation and nuclear energy c)Burning fossil fuels and deforestation d)Fossil fuels and nuclear energy e)Fossil fuels and planting forests

77. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review Which of the following greenhouse gases is not the most potent, but is extremely abundant? a)Methane b)Water vapor c)Carbon dioxide d)Nitrous oxide e)Aerosols

78. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review What would happen if the NADW (North American Deep Water) conveyor belt were disrupted? a)Europe would get warmer. b)Greenland would get warmer. c)The U.S. would get warmer. d)Europe would get cooler. e)Greenland would get cooler.

79. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review A “proxy indicator” for global warming is: a)Indirect evidence of global warming b)Indirect evidence that substitutes for direct evidence of global warming c)Direct evidence of global warming d)Direct evidence that substitutes for indirect evidence of global warming e)The argument global warming critics use to say climate change is not occurring

80. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review The 2013 Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change made it clear that: a)Climate is changing b)Humans are the cause c)This change is already exerting impacts d)Observed trends in temperature are well documented e)All of the above are included in this report.

81. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review One result of climate change is that sea surfaces will rise, which means that: a)More ice will be formed in the Arctic b)Coral reefs will expand their range throughout the world c)Storms will be stronger and last longer d)The number of storms will increase, but not their strength e)Nothing will happen; climate change is still debatable

82. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review What happens as ice melts in polar regions? a)More heat is reflected into space b)Glaciers re-freeze at night c)Exposed soils absorb heat and make melting worse d)Polar bears learn to like the sun e)Eskimos can now sell their property at a profit

83. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this model, which area will have increased floods and potential crop losses? c) North Africa d) Europe e)Greenland a)The U.S. b)The tip of South America

84. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Which statement is supported by this figure? a)CO 2 emissions have increased drastically. b)CO 2 emissions have stabilized recently. c)CO 2 emissions fluctuate only in Hawaii. d)CO 2 emissions average 320 ppm. e)CO2 emissions don’t generally fluctuate.