Exploration & Colonization

Exploration & Colonization
UNIT I CHAPTERS 1-5

Chronology Place the following in time sequence from first to last……….
Jamestown Columbus Mayflower Arrival of the first African slaves End of the Mayans Salem witch trials Answers Columbus 1492 End of the Mayans / Incas – mid 1500’s Jamestown 1607 Arrival of first African slaves (20) 1619 Mayflower 1620 Salem witch trials 1692

Exploration – Pages 13-15, 16-17, 20-23
Conquistadores Motives Legacy Columbus Hero or Villain? Columbian exchange Spanish America “Black Legend” vs. Spanish goals Review note taking strategies using the focus points from slide 2. Conquistadores Motives – Cash, Conversion, Adventure (what order?) Legacy – mestizos Columbus – Why now? Renaissance creates spirit of adventure Combination of improvements in ship building and navigation Desire for discovery, conquest, and colonization for the nation-state Columbus – Why him? Low risk / high reward for Spain Columbus – Hero Discovers new continents Establishes foundations for Global economy – demonstrate Columbian exchange Transfer of living things Columbus – Villain Exploits native kindness Spreads European diseases Expands need for slaves Spanish America Black Legend – Christianize them or kill them Goals – expand the Spanish empire (Spanish influence declining in Europe) Expand, enslave, enrich, and incorporate Indians **Major difference between Spain and English colonists Spanish – Indian cultures converge vs. elimination or isolation of Indians

Reading Notes Conquistadores
Motives – Cash, Conversion, Adventure (what order?) 3Gs (Gold, God, Glory) Legacy – mestizos Columbus – Why now? Renaissance creates spirit of adventure Combination of improvements in ship building and navigation Desire for discovery, conquest, and colonization for the nation-state Columbus – Why him? Low risk / high reward for Spain Columbus – Hero Discovers new continents Establishes foundations for Global economy – demonstrate Columbian exchange Transfer of living things Columbus – Villain Exploits native kindness Spreads European diseases Expands need for slaves Spanish America Black Legend – Christianize them or kill them Goals – expand the Spanish empire (Spanish influence declining in Europe) Expand, enslave, enrich, and incorporate Indians **Major difference between Spain and English colonists Spanish – Indian cultures converge vs. elimination or isolation of Indians

Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

Christofo Colon [ ]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Columbus – Hero or Villain?
Washington Irving (1800’s) – biography of Columbus as an American hero Samuel Morrison (1900’s) – biography of Columbus not as a saint but as a master seamen who changed the course of history Kirkpatrick Sale (1990’s) – biography of Columbus as a ruthless fortune hunter that set in motion a history of exploitation and environmental destruction

Columbian Exchange Produce Disease Americas to Europe / Africa
Potato, Peanut, Cocoa Bean, Tobacco, Tomato, Pumpkin, Corn, Beans, etc. Europe / Africa to Americas Citrus fruits, Livestock, Grains, Bananas, Sugar Cane, Coffee, etc. Disease Smallpox, Influenza, Measles, etc

The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

Treasures from the Americas!

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers

European Empires in the Americas

Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

English America – Pages 25-31
Conditions for colonization Why now? What is primogeniture and its impact? Joint stock companies Virginia Company Purpose, structure, lasting importance Jamestown Relations with the Indians Conditions Defeat of the Spanish Armada Ensures England’s naval dominance Ends Catholic threat Expanding population vs. job opportunities High unemployment, bad urban conditions, etc. Unstable economy – agricultural based Primogeniture Only first born son gets inheritance Joint stock companies Reduced risk vs. expanded opportunity Creation of markets Religious freedom? Virginia Company Purpose – find gold and passage to the Indies Structure – short term investment as a joint stock company Importance – provided colonists with the rights of Citizens (discuss English Bill of Rights 1688) foundation of Revolution and American liberties Jamestown – ill prepared, survives by surplus of colonists only Relations – Indians initially hospitable but changed after harsh treatment by colonists Superior forces and disease drive Indians away Land, ideology, religion, and lack of economic necessity of Indians to colonists ultimately doom native Americans

Reading Notes Part I Conditions Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Ensures England’s naval dominance Ends Catholic threat Expanding population vs. job opportunities High unemployment, bad urban conditions, etc. Unstable economy – agricultural based Primogeniture Only first born son gets inheritance Joint stock companies Reduced risk vs. expanded opportunity Creation of markets Religious freedom?

Reading Notes Part II Virginia Company
Purpose – find gold and passage to the Indies Structure – short term investment as a joint stock company Importance – provided colonists with the rights of Citizens (discuss English Bill of Rights 1688) foundation of Revolution and American liberties Jamestown – ill prepared, survives by surplus of colonists only Relations – Indians initially hospitable but changed after harsh treatment by colonists Superior forces and disease drive Indians away Land, ideology, religion, and lack of economic necessity of Indians to colonists ultimately doom native Americans

Settlement of the Southern Colonies I – Pages 31-34
Virginia King Nicotine’s role Irony of 1619 Maryland Comparison to Virginia Act of Toleration Virginia – continued Tobacco – savior of the colony John Rolfe improves production and processing Creates dependency on single crop Economic issues – price and crop volatility, reliance on imports Creates plantation system with huge need for labor 1619 – First 20 African slaves sold by the Dutch Discuss economic difference between indentured servants and slaves House of Burgesses – direct election of representatives to determine laws and policies for Virginia – disbanded (briefly) when Virginia Company lost charter – converts to Royal Colony 1624 Maryland – Lord Baltimore – catholic refuge (aristocrats) Hoped to create a feudal system Tobacco dependent – issues between Catholics and Protestants Act of Toleration – religious tolerance for ‘Christians’ everybody else could be punished by death

Reading Notes (Last Time)
Virginia – Tobacco – savior of the colony John Rolfe improves production and processing Creates dependency on single crop Economic issues – price and crop volatility, reliance on imports Creates plantation system with huge need for labor 1619 – First 20 African slaves sold by the Dutch Discuss economic difference between indentured servants and slaves House of Burgesses – direct election of representatives to determine laws and policies for Virginia – disbanded (briefly) when Virginia Company lost charter – converts to Royal Colony 1624

Reading Notes – Really the Last Time
Maryland – Lord Baltimore – catholic refuge (aristocrats) Hoped to create a feudal system Tobacco dependent – issues between Catholics and Protestants Act of Toleration – religious tolerance for ‘Christians’ everybody else could be punished by death

Tobacco viewpoints “Tobacco that outlandish weede It spends the braine and spoiles the seede It dulls the spirite, it dims the sight It robs a woman of her right” Dr. William Vaughn -1617

Tomacco – Seeds of the Future

Tobacco Timeline • 1619: JAMESTOWN: First Africans brought into Virginia. John Rolfe writes in his diary, About the last of August came in a dutch man of warre that sold us twenty negars. • 1619: JAMESTOWN: First shipment of wives for settlers arrives. Future husbands had to pay for his prospective mate's passage (120 lbs. of tobacco). • 1620: ENGLAND: 40,000 lbs of tobacco imported from Virginia. (LB) • 1620: Trade agreement between the Crown & Virginia Company bans commercial tobacco growing in England, in return for a 1 shilling/lb. duty on Virginia tobacco. • 1621: Sixty future wives arrive in Virginia and sell for 150 pounds of tobacco each. Price up since 1619.(TSW)

Settlement of the Southern Colonies II – Pages 35-40
Carolinas South Carolina – economy & issues North Carolina – why separate? Georgia Dual purpose Common features of plantation colonies Carolina (just one to start) Created by displaced English sugar farmers from Barbados Brought slaves and slave codes Established to supply West Indies with food and Indian slaves Rice becomes major export crop Dependent upon skilled African slaves Charlestown seaport grows into wealthy city for English settlers Spanish Florida sees Carolina as commercial religious threat North Carolina Composed of Virginia religious dissenters Grew tobacco More democratic, independent, tolerant than SC or VA Georgia Founded as a buffer for SC from Florida and debtor’s colony James Oglethorpe – founder, reformer, military leader Last and least populous of the colonies Comparisons Agricultural economies dependent on huge labor forces (slavery) Creates conflict with Native Americans – need land!!!! Rural vs. Urban growth Limited religious tolerance

Barbados Slave Code The Barbados Slave Code of 1661 was the English legal code set up to provide a legal base for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados. It required that slave owners dress their slaves. However, it also denied slaves even basic rights guaranteed under English common law such as the right to life. It allowed the slaves' owners to do entirely as they wished to their slaves, including mutilating them and burning them alive, without fear of reprisal. This code was adopted by South Carolina in 1696, and formed the basic outline for slavery in the British North American colonies. ***By the early 1700’s slavery was legal in all the colonies!!!

Puritans and Pilgrims - Pages 42-46
Protestants, Calvinism, Puritans, Separatists, and Pilgrims What, Who, Why Significance of the Mayflower Massachusetts Bay Company John Winthrop Issues Protestants – review Luther’s role and the Reformation Calvinism – expands Luther focused on predestination and conversion (signs of selection by God) provides spiritual comfort to English poor – drives Puritan movement in the Church of England Puritans – reform Church of England, eliminate Catholic past, segregate Church for those selected Separatists – rebellious group that wanted full break from C of E Pilgrims – Separatist group that negotiated for right to settle in Virginia (end up outside of Virginia Company territory) Mayflower 1620 Mayflower Compact – agreement to form a government and discuss laws and liberties is a precedent for self-government William Bradford – administrator, 2nd governor, etc. Mass Bay Company Puritans (non separatists) form MBC with a royal charter (used instead of compact or constitution) Well stocked, funded, and planned John Winthrop –governor, focused on building a model community 1630 PROTESTANT WORK ETHIC Issues – suffrage based on church membership , theocratic government, discrimination of Quakers, outspoken critics (Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams)

City on a Hill? "As Ronald Reagan said in his farewell address to the nation, 'I've spoken of the Shining City all my political life. …In my mind it was a tall, proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, windswept, God-blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds living in harmony and peace; a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity. And if there had to be city walls, the walls had doors and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get here. That's how I saw it, and see it still.”

City on a Hill? “Politicians as diverse in their ideology as John Adams, Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, Michael Dukakis, Walter Mondale, Bill Clinton, John Kerry, Howard Dean and George Bush have all borrowed Winthrop's vision, each of them giving it his own spin"

Puritan Values and Beliefs
1. Egalitarian Society 2. “City on a Hill” 3. Harsh Punishments 4. Emphasis on Education 5. Puritan work ethic 6. Repression of Sexuality 7. God is active in all aspects of life 8. Intolerance of dissent 9. Recognition of good and evil

Egalitarianism “All men are created equal”

Egalitarianism in Education
Germany has 3 types of high schools Gymnasium – college bound students Realschule – intermediate students Hauptschule – trade school United States All children attend the same school with the same curriculum Expectation = all students will be college bound

City upon a Hill For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken...we shall be made a story and a by-word throughout the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God...We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us til we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going. John Winthrop 1630

City Upon a Hill? American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States and the American people hold a special place in the world, by offering opportunity and hope for humanity, derived from a unique balance of public and private interests governed by constitutional ideals that are focused on personal and economic freedom.

Harsh Punishments The United States is one of only nine countries to execute juveniles since 1990 Supreme Court ruled against executing people with mental retardation in 2002 Supreme Court ruled against executing juveniles in 2005

Harsh Punishments 7 million Americans are in prison, on parole, or on probation The United States has 5% of the world’s population and 25% of the world’s prisoners

Harsh Punishments Most Executions carried out in 2006
1. China (at least 1,010 but sources suggest the real tally is between 7,500 and 8,000) 2. Iran (177) 3. Pakistan (82) 4. Iraq (at least 65) 5. Sudan (at least 65) 6. United States (53)

Executions since 1976 Texas 400

Executions since 1976 Virginia 98 Oklahoma 86 Missouri 66 Florida 64

Executions since 1976 North Carolina 43 Georgia 40 Alabama 38
South Carolina 37 Arkansas 27 Louisiana 27 Ohio 26 Arizona 23

Executions since 1976 Indiana 19 Delaware 14 California 13 Illinois 12
Nevada 12

Executions since 1976 Mississippi 8 Colorado 1 Utah 6 Connecticut 1
Maryland 5 Idaho 1 Washington 4 New Mexico 1 Nebraska 3 South Dakota 1 Pennsylvania 3 Wyoming 1 Montana 3 Kansas 0 Tennessee 3 New Hampshire 0 Kentucky 2 New Jersey 0 Oregon 2 New York 0

No current death penalty statute
Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands.

Work Ethic

Repression of Sexuality
2004 Super Bowl half-time show United States 540,000 complaints with the F.C.C. Canada 50 complaints with the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council

Repression of Sexuality
Consider the rating system for movies, television, etc. European rating system harsher on violence – softer on sex

God is active in all aspects of life
Hurricane Katrina “By choosing an avowed lesbian for this national event [The Oscars], these Hollywood elites have clearly invited God’s wrath. Is it any surprise that the Almighty chose to strike at Miss Degeneres’ hometown?”

God is active in all aspects of life

Religious Dissent – Pages 46-47, 50-51
Quakers Role of Anne Hutchinson Antinomianism? Roger Williams Rhode Island Different from other colonies King Philip’s War Role of English expansionism Causes Consequences Quakers – AKA Religious Society of Friends perceived as a threat to social/religious harmony of MB Candidates for expulsion Anne Hutchinson Literal interpretation of predestination – heresy: any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position Antinomianism: moral laws are relative in meaning and application instead of fixed or universal. Banished from MB – moves to Rhode Island Roger Williams Banished for extreme separatist teachings Founds Providence Baptist Church Rhode Island – Isle of Misfit Toys Complete freedom of religion Widespread suffrage Economic opportunity Individualistic and independent minded

Antinomianism One who holds that under the gospel dispensation of grace the moral law is of no use or obligation because faith alone is necessary to salvation. Heresy – any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position

Big Question Are moral laws relative in meaning or fixed? Huh?

Confederation vs. Dominion – Pages 52-61
New England Confederation Purpose Structure Significance Dominion of New England Purposes Role of Sir Edmund Andros Impact of the Glorious Revolution Settlement of the Middle Colonies (next slide) NE Confederation – MB, Plymouth, Connecticut Mutual defense – against Natives and non English Puritan club with shared jurisdiction and two votes per colony Establishes principle of representation, shared responsibility between colonies, etc. Allowed to exist (benign neglect) until Charles II attempts to expand Royal influence Dominion – created by Parliament Mutual defense and administration of Navigation Laws (control trade) Sir Edmund Andros – governor of Dominion Enforces law to extreme, limits independent traditions (meetings, councils, press, etc.) Glorious Revolution – bloodless rise of William and Mary ends support for Andros GR – establishes English Bill of Rights

Settlement of the Middle Colonies
Creation and end of New Netherland Pennsylvania Quakers – beliefs Growth factors New Jersey & Delaware Common features of the Middle Colonies Industry, population mix, social liberties New Netherland – founded by Dutch West India Company Not created for colonization but for fur trade, feudal estates, and generation of corporate profit Multicultural settlements focused on profit antagonize all groups (English, French, Swedes, Natives) Sweden attempts to create New Sweden – later incorporated into New Netherland England views Dutch as invaders sends fleet to expel Dutch – renamed New York Quakers Beliefs: pacifist, tolerant, liberal, egalitarian William Penn creates asylum for Quakers with royal land grant Growth factors: more advertisement, liberal land grants, democratic government, tolerance toward Indians and immigrants By rd most wealthy and populous colony (VA and MA) NJ – settled by Quakers initially – later converted to royal colony Delaware – Named after Lord De La Warr – closely tied to PA until Revolution Common features: great soil for grain, middle ground for most things: local government, # of industries, size of farms Exceptions: ethnic mix greater than other colonies, more religious and political tolerance

English Bill of Rights That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal; That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal;

English Bill of Rights That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal; That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law; Also free elections, no cruel or unusual punishment, right to jury trial, and free speech and debate

King Nicotine & Indentured Servants Pages 64-66
Chesapeake Region Bad for? Good for? Indentured Servants Pros/Cons Headright system Bacon’s Rebellion Significance Chesapeake Shortened life expectancy – new diseases, limited supply of women, reduced natural rate of population increase Humid area perfect for Tobacco – 40 million pounds per year by 1700 Unlimited land but no labor – slaves too expensive – England had abundance of landless labor Indentured servants – passage & necessities in exchange for future promise of land and minimal supplies (usually 7 year term or greater) Headright system rewards farmers for importing labor: 50 acres per servant – creates huge influx of IS Cons – holds down population growth and stability (young single males typical) Bacon’s Rebellion Freedmen given little or no land compete with Indians for land NO HELP FROM GOV’T Bacon and followers attack all Indians and descend upon Jamestown and burn capital Bacon dies – rebellion crushed Outcomes: **beginning of the end for indentured servitude leads to huge increases in African slaves Also sets precedent for armed response to government policies???

Chesapeake Bay

Chesapeake Bay vs. New England
Most New England immigrants arrived as members of a nuclear family in which the father exerted strong authority. They therefore found it easier to cope with the wilderness and to preserve English ways. It was even possible to reproduce an English family structure in New England because the sex ratio was about even. Most Chesapeake immigrants arrived as single men – reduced rate of natural population increase New England families differed from the English pattern in only one important aspect—people lived longer in New England. This meant that parents could expect to see their children grow up, marry, and have their own children. New England may have “invented” grandparents, who gave an additional measure of stability to society. Life expectancy was apparently much longer in New England than in the Chesapeake colonies because climatic and economic conditions were more favorable there.

Only the Good Die Young? What was the life expectancy of a typical colonial resident? The life expectancy of a colonial was short. As many as 50% of all women died in childbirth or from childbed disease. The infant mortality rate was also high. If a child could reach the age of eleven, they stood a better chance at survival. Individuals in their forties and fifties during the 17th century were considered "old." Statistics peering back to the 18th century indicate the average life expectancy was the age of 45!

Factors Leading to Rebellion
Declining tobacco prices Growing competition (Maryland and the Carolinas) Indian issues Discontent farmers Government corruption and oppression

Combatants Governor Berkeley Bacon’s Soldier

Effects of Bacon’s Rebellion
Search for a new source of labor w/o issues Dangerous precedent of revolt vs. adherence to the law Right to bear arms strengthened

Bacon’s Rebellion On October 26th, 1676, Bacon abruptly died of the "Bloodie Flux" and "Lousey Disease" (body lice). It is possible his soldiers burned his contaminated body because it was never found. (His death inspired this little ditty; Bacon is Dead I am sorry at my hart That lice and flux should take the hangman's part".)

Colonial Slavery and Southern Society Pages 67-79
Origins Triangular Trade Middle Passage Early slave life Southern social stratification Origins: Reduction of indentured servants, increased competition in slave trade reduces prices, race line division (white vs. black) slave codes – property Tri-trade: 3. Raw materials from NA/SA to Europe 2. Slaves to NA/SA 1. Finished goods from Europe to Africa, India, Middle passage – slaves to NA/SA. Extremely harsh – high mortality rates, high disease, human capital vs. human, minimum 20% casualty rates Early slave life: Deep South – harsh conditions weather, crops, isolation Limited revolts – never successful or large scale (BACON) Stono rebellion – SC slaves tried to march to Florida NYC Revolt – fuels fire and fear of race riots and emancipation (earlier than stono) South – more labor friendly crops, proximity to other plantations, more prone to population growth through reproduction Beginnings of cultural diffusion – Gullah, music, dancing, religion Social Strat: Top – Great planters (landed elite) – political, social, economic leaders Small farmers - largest population group Landless labor – former indentured servants, etc. Slaves – no rights Rural vs. urban social structure

The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas. 650,000 – 800,000 Africans shipped to North America

Distribution of African Slaves
Destination/Percentage Brazil 35.4% Spanish Empire 22.1% British West Indies 17.7% French West Indies 14.1% British North America and future United States 4.4% Dutch West Indies4.4% Danish West Indies0.2%

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

New England Life Pages 82-92
Life in New England Health, family structure, women’s rights and roles Development and role of towns Basis of economy Relations with Indians Challenges to Puritan faith and practices Half-Way Covenant Salem witch trials Life in NE Better Life expectancy than Chesapeake 10+ years More focus on family – low divorce rates, extended family connections, high reproduction rates, puritan focus on child rearing (obedience, work habits, etc) Women’s rights – morally inferior but limited property and estate rights Roles – all domestic duties + seasonal farm help Towns: planned geography with meeting halls, churches, village green, equal lots for citizens, Roles: educate citizens, gather to elect officials and important jobs, and civil responsibilities Economy – small farms usually more livestock than crop (not suitable for large plantations = no need for slaves, shipbuilding, fishing Relations with Indians – Opposite definition of land use – NE need to improve the land and max utilization – Indians in the way!!! Challenges As NE expands Puritan zeal decreases – churches respond with Jeremiad – doom and gloom sermons and offer Half-Way Covenant which allows partial membership – increases number of women members Salem Witch Trials – Social unrest creates paranoia and poor vs. rich Boosts church attendance, common enemy, etc.

Colonial Economy Pages 92-95
Demographics of Colonial Society Impact of population growth Impact of ethnic diversity Social Structure South vs. North Colonial Industries Balance of trade issues Population growth 18th Century – almost 3% annually (doubles every 25 years) Comparison between English and Americans E vs. 1 A E vs. 1 A Issues as a result? Colonies were diverse from beginning – creates a dynamic society w/o strong ethnic ties – melting pot? Social Structure - south previously discussed, only differences in North is the inclusion of Urban professionals Social mobility potential greater than Europe until Revolution Industries: Agriculture – 90% Lumber Manufacturing Trade – slave & other American desire for English goods creates unfavorable balance of trade for colonies and necessitates expansion of markets for American materials and goods Britain attempts to limit trade by Molasses Act – colonists break law (precedent for future acts)

Colonial Religion Dominant Denominations Great Awakening
Congregationalists vs. Anglicans Great Awakening Causes Jonathan Edwards / George Whitefield Impacts Congregationalists – Traditional Puritan church (Calvinist) focused on model living, harsh consequences, limited tolerance, etc. Heavily confined to New England Anglicans – Church of England Lite!!! Symbol of Royal authority – generally milder than Puritan church 9 of 13 colonies used taxes to support ‘Official’ churches Great Awakening Causes: changes in membership rules, challenges to traditional dogma or doctrine set stage for religious revival Jonathan Edwards – Theologist and pastor preached total commitment to God – road to hell paved with skulls of unbaptized children George Whitefield – great orator, highly emotional style of preaching. Extremely successful in engaging participants and raising money Impacts – changes style of American churches to direct emotional deliveries vs. educated sermons (traditional) Creates new sects and divisions within established Churches **First united movement by Colonists regardless of geography or religion – common cause!!!

Exploration & Colonization

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