1. ECE 456 Computer Architecture Instructor: Dr. Honggang Wang hwang1@umassd.edu, II-209B Fall 2013

2. Dr. WangLecture #12 Welcome to ECE456! Today’s lecture –Course Syllabus & Operational Details –Background Survey –Introduction to Computer Systems

3. Dr. WangLecture #13 Course Description 3 credit units meet on Mon & Wed 2:00 ~ 3:15pm, in II- 212 Prerequisites: –ECE 260 or equivalent: basic digital logic design and computer design –ECE 161 or CIS 215 or equivalent: introductory programming ability Not a lab course Not a programming course either

4. Dr. WangLecture #14 Course Topics  Overview of computer organization and architecture  Memory hierarchy and virtual memory  Input/output: virtual I/O, I/O methods  CPU: organization, registers, instruction sets, pipelining  CPU design: RISC vs. CISC, super-scalar processors, IA-64  Control unit: implementation, micro-programming  Parallel computers: Flynn's taxonomy, organizations

5. Dr. WangLecture #15 Related Courses ECE 562: Advanced Computer Architecture (Spring, required for CPE, elective for ELE) ECE 561: Computer Systems (Graduate student) ECE 566: Microprocessor I (Fall, elective for both CPE and ELE) ECE 567: Microprocessor II (Spring, elective for both CPE and ELE)

6. Dr. WangLecture #16 Learning Objectives (1) Upon completion of this course, you should be able to…  Gain an understanding of the role of each component of a computer system such as CPU, memory, I/O, and busses as well as how they work together  Understand how interrupt mechanism works and its role in contemporary computer architecture  Understand the memory hierarchy, and learn how virtual memory works  Design memory according to required organization schemes such as one- word-per-chip and one-bit-per-chip  Design error detecting and correcting logic and codes in memory  Understand the function and operation of the CPU

7. Dr. WangLecture #17 Learning Objectives (2) Upon completion of this course, you should be able to…  Learn the modern CPU design techniques  Learn how microprogramming and assembler instructions are used to control the operation of the CPU  Develop an understanding of the format of instruction sets and the operation of the instruction cycle  Write assembler routines using a given instruction set  Understand the concept of pipelining and parallelism  Acquire an understanding of how the modern computers tolerate faults  Research and discuss an advanced topic in computer organization and architecture

8. Dr. WangLecture #18 Resources (1)  Required Textbook –W. Stallings, "Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance (8 th Ed., 2009)", NJ: Prentice Hall –available in the university bookstore  Lecture notes, available from the class website

9. Dr. WangLecture #19 Resources (2)  References –M. Murdocca and V. Heuring, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, John Wiley & Sons, 2007 –A.S. Tanenbaum, “Structured Computer Organization (5 th Ed., 2005)”, NJ: Prentice Hall –B. Parhami, “Computer Architecture”, Oxford University Press, 2005 –J. L. Hennessy & D. A. Patterson, "Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (3 rd Ed.)", Morgan Kaufmann, 2002

10. Dr. WangLecture #110 Resource (3) - Course Website Http://www.faculty.umassd.edu/honggang.wang/teachin g.html, click “Click” under ECE456 –News and announcements –Syllabus, Major deadlines, –Homework, Project –Lecture notes, Exams –Frequently asked questions on assignments, exams –Relevant and useful links, click Bookmark  Check frequently!

11. Dr. WangLecture #111 Course Requirements

12. Dr. WangLecture #112 Homework Complete all assignments on time. Assignments are always due at the beginning of class on the due date (2:00pm). Assignments one day late subtract 10%; two days late loses 25%; three days late loses 50%. After 3 days the assignments will be considered a ZERO. This penalty rule will be strictly enforced, except for some exceptional cases (You must inform the instructor ahead of time!) Keep each homework for helping you prepare for the exams See website for details about submission

13. Dr. WangLecture #113 Project Form: –state-of-art research survey –team work See handout (or website) about project description and guidelines for proposal, report, and presentation Required work and time-line: –Project team set-up (due Mon.. 9/23/13) –Proposal (due Mon. 10/21/13) –Final written report (due Wed. 12/4/13) –Oral presentation (Mon. 12/9/13)

14. Dr. WangLecture #114 Exams Exam #1 –Monday, Oct. 7, 2013 Tentative schedule Exam #2 –Monday, Nov. 11, 2013 Tentative schedule Final Exam –Wed, Dec. 11, 2011 Tentative schedule –(See Final exam schedule at: http://www.umassd.edu/calendar/finals/welcome.cfm) No early/late-taken exams unless you have a legitimate reason and your absence is excused by your advisor or the student Dean

15. Dr. WangLecture #115 Cancelled Classes and Exams If class is cancelled on the day an exam is scheduled, we will have the exam the next time the class meets. If class is cancelled for the session prior to the exam (the day for review and for asking questions), then the next class meeting will be the “review session”, and the exam will take place in the class meeting after that.

16. Dr. WangLecture #116 Attendance Policy Students are expected to attend every class and all other scheduled activities related to the course. Students are required to attend all scheduled project presentations at the end of the semester Students who miss a lecture, must make arrangements with colleagues to obtain any missed material and information.

17. Dr. WangLecture #117 Academic Honesty Unless specifically stated otherwise, all homework assignments and exams in this class are to be completed individually. Any collaboration with others or use of work completed by others for previous offerings of this class is considered to be unauthorized aid. Furthermore, you should explicitly acknowledge any sources of ideas used that are not your own; this includes other people, books, papers, web pages, etc. Academic dishonesty will be "rewarded" with a grade of "F". http://www.umassd.edu/studenthandbook/academicregs/ethicalstandards.cfm

18. Dr. WangLecture #118 Other Course Requirements Please feel free to ask questions at any time, I am here to help you. Check the class website frequently; the News section will be used as a primary means of notification Do not surf the Internet while in class Disable cell phones, pagers, and other distracting devices while in class

19. Dr. WangLecture #119 Homework: 20% Group Project: 20% Exam #1: 20% Exam #2: 20% Final: #20% In-class extra-credit problems Grading The letter grades will be assigned using the following approximate scale: (A+,A) [100-90]; (A-,B+,B) [90-80]; (B-, C+,C) [80-70]; (C-,D+,D) [70-60]; F[60-0].

20. Dr. WangLecture #120 In Case of Trouble If you feel yourself slipping behind, feel free to come and see the instructor for advice. If you do decide the class is not happening for you at this semester, –the last day to Add/Drop is Tuesday, Sept. 10, and –the last day to Withdraw is Wednesday, Nov. 13, 2013. However, before you withdraw, discuss your decision with the instructor and your advisor.

21. Dr. WangLecture #121 Academic Support Services Academic Advising Center Science and Engineering Center Writing and Reading Center Disabled Student Service http://www.umassd.edu/studenthandbook/univservices/univservices1.cfm

22. Dr. WangLecture #122 Contacting Instructor Please feel free to contact the instructor if you have any –special needs –questions about homework, projects, or exams –comments, feedbacks on how to improve lectures –interesting experiences or tips on how to do well in the class Constructive criticism will be appreciated; –ID: umass_ ece546@hotmail.com –PWD: umass123456 Emailhwang1@umassd.edu voice508-999-8469 Fax508-999-8489 OfficeII-209B Office Hours Mon./Wed. 1 ~ 2pm, Friday. 12 ~ 2 pm, or by appointment via email Contact information

23. Dr. WangLecture #123 Welcome to ECE456 Today’s lecture √ Course Syllabus & Operational Details √ Background Survey –Introduction to Computer Systems

24. Dr. WangLecture #124 Things To Do Finish the Background Survey before you leave Review the course syllabus and project materials Find your partners for the project Check out the class website Http://www.faculty.umassd.edu/honggang.wang/teaching.html

25. Dr. WangLecture #125

26. Dr. WangLecture #126 Welcome to ECE456 Today’s lecture √ Course Syllabus & Operational Details √ Background Survey –Introduction to Computer Systems

27. Dr. WangLecture #127 Introduction to Computer Systems History of computers Evolution of the Intel family Issue of performance balancing

28. Dr. WangLecture #128 History of Computers Table 2.2

29. Dr. WangLecture #129 The 1 st Generation Vacuum Tubes

30. Dr. WangLecture #130 Vacuum Tubes Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside. Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube

31. Dr. WangLecture #131 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) First general-purpose electronic digital computer designed by Mauchly & Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania started 1943, finished 1946 disassembled 1955 18,000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 30 feet × 50 feet 140 kw power consumption

32. Dr. WangLecture #132 ENIAC (Cont’d) A decimal machine (not binary) 5000 additions per second Data was entered on punched cards Entering & altering programs was extremely tedious –programmed manually by setting switches and plugging & unplugging cables –programming for typical calculations required from 1/2 hour to a whole day

33. Dr. WangLecture #133 Stored-Program Concept Proposed by Von Neumann in 1945 Developed by Turing about the same time Applied to IAS computer by Von Neumann et al. Programming could be facilitated if program could be represented in a form suitable for storing in memory alongside the data. Then a computer could get its instructions by reading from memory, and a program could be set or modified by setting the values of a portion of memory

34. Dr. WangLecture #134 IAS Computer Named for the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University Began 1946, completed 1952 The prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computers Structure Von Neumann machines

35. Dr. WangLecture #135 First Computer Bug - 1945 Grace Hopper found a moth stuck in a relay responsible for a malfunction An error in a computer program that prevents it from working correctly or produces an incorrect result http://www.jamesshuggins.com/h/tek1/first_computer_bug.htm

36. Dr. WangLecture #136 The 2nd Generation Transistor

37. Dr. WangLecture #137 First Transistor Invented at Bell labs in 1947 Won a Nobel prize Uses Silicon Advantages http://www.cedmagic.com/history/transistor-1947.html William Shockley (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain (right) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

38. Dr. WangLecture #138 Transistor-Based Computers National Cash Register & Radio Company of America (NCR & RCA, front-runners) International Business Machines (IBM 7000 series) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC, 1957, PDP-1)

39. Dr. WangLecture #139 The 3 rd + Generation Integrated Circuits (Chips)

40. Dr. WangLecture #140 First Chip Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in 1958 Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip” Won a Nobel prize

41. Dr. WangLecture #141 3rd + Generation - Integrated Circuits Small-Scale Integration (SSI, 1965 on, 3 rd generation) –up to 100 devices/chip, Medium-Scale Integration (MSI, to 1971, 3 rd ) –100 - 3,000 devices/chip, Large-Scale Integration (LSI, 1972-1977, 4 th ) –3,000 - 100,000 devices/chip, Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI, 1978 – 1991, 5 th ) –100,000 - 1,000,000 devices/chip, Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI, 1991 – present, 6 th ) –More than 1 million devices /chip

42. Dr. WangLecture #142 Moore’s Law Number of transistors on a chip will double every year - by Gordon Moore, Intel cofounder in 1965 The pace slowed to a doubling every 18 months and sustained ever since 1970s (refer to Figure 2.8 in textbook)

43. Dr. WangLecture #143 Moore’s Law (Cont’d) How long will Moore's Law hold? –Moore (1997): It'll go for at least a few more generations of technology. Then, in about a decade, we're going to see a distinct slowing in the rate at which the doubling occurs. I haven't tried to estimate what the rate will be, but it might be half as fast - three years instead of eighteen months. –See class web-site (Lecture Reading) for details

44. Dr. WangLecture #144 The FIRSTs The first general-purpose electronic digital computer: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), 1943 ~ 1955 The first computer bug, found by Grace Hopper in 1945 The first transistor, invented at Bell labs in 1947 (Nobel Prize) The first chip (Integrated Circuit), invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in 1958 (Nobel Prize) More …

45. Dr. WangLecture #145 The First Minicomputer - 1964 DEC PDP-8 –Small enough to sit on a lab bench –Embedded applications –Flexible bus structure Console controller CPU Main memory I/O module I/O module... Omnibus

46. Dr. WangLecture #146 The First Microprocessor – 1971 The Intel 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit 108Khz Called “Microchip” The Pioneer 10 spacecraft used the 4004 microprocessor. It was launched on March 2, 1972 and was the first spacecraft and microprocessor to enter the Asteroid Belt.

47. Dr. WangLecture #147 Part II: Introduction to Computer Systems History of computers Evolution of the Intel family Issue of performance balancing

48. Dr. WangLecture #148 Intel Pentium Evolution 4004 (1971, 4 bit) –first microprocessor (all CPU components on a single chip) 8008 (1972, 8 bit) –designed for specific applications 8080 (1974, 8 bit) –first general-purpose microprocessor –used in the first personal computer - Altair 8086/8088 (1978, 16 bit) –instruction cache, 1 M (2 20 )-byte addressable memory –used in IBM’s first PC

49. Dr. WangLecture #149 Intel Pentium Evolution (Cont’d) 80286 (1982, 16 bit) –16 Mbyte addressable memory 80386 (1985, 32 bit) –supporting multitasking 80486 (1989, 32 bit) –powerful cache & instruction pipelining –built-in math co-processor Pentium (1993, 32 bit) –superscalar

50. Dr. WangLecture #150 Intel Pentium Evolution (Cont’d) Pentium Pro. (1995, 32 bit) –register renaming, branch prediction, data flow analysis, and speculative execution Pentium II (1997, 32 bit) –Intel MMX technology: video, audio, graphics data Pentium III (1999, 32 bit) –Additional floating-point instructions for 3D graphics Pentium 4 (2000, 32 bit) –Further floating-point and multi-media enhancements Itanium (2001, 64 bit, IA-64 architecture, EPIC) Itanium 2 (2002, second member of 64-bit) Pentium M (2003, mobile technology)

51. Dr. WangLecture #151

52. Dr. WangLecture #152

53. Dr. WangLecture #153 Evolution Characteristics The evolution of computers has been characterized by –increasing processor speed –decreasing component size –increasing memory size –increasing I/O capacity and speed

54. Dr. WangLecture #154 Introduction to Computer Systems History of computers Evolution of the Intel family Issue of performance balancing

55. Dr. WangLecture #155 Designing for Performance Performance mismatch among various components prevents the system from achieving its potential power, for example, Performance balancing is a critical issue in computer system design

56. Dr. WangLecture #156 Welcome to ECE456 Week’s lecture √ Course Syllabus & Operational Details √ Background Survey √ Introduction to Computer Systems History of computers and evolution characteristics Evolution of Intel Pentium Performance balance is critical for the computer system to achieve its potential power