1. Chapter 11 Information System Development and Programming Languages

2. Chapter 11 Objectives
Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, data and information gathering techniques, and information systems security during system development
List other programming languages and other program development tools
Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle
Describe various ways to develop Web pages
Differentiate between low-level languages and procedural languages
List the six steps in the program development cycle
Identify the benefits of object-oriented and visual programming languages
Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems
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3. The System Development Life Cycle
What is an information system (IS)?
Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce quality information
System—Set of components that interact to achieve common goal
Businesses use many types of systems
p. 406
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4. The System Development Life Cycle
What are the phases of the system development cycle?
Phase 2. Analysis
Conduct preliminary investigation
Perform detailed analysis activities:
Study current system
Determine user requirements
Recommend solution
Phase 1. Planning
Phase 3. Design
Review project requests
Prioritize project requests
Allocate resources
Identify project development team
Acquire hardware and software, if necessary
Develop details of system
Phase 5. Support
Phase 4. Implementation
Conduct post-implementation system review
Identify errors and enhancements
Monitor system performance
Develop programs, if necessary
Install and test new system
Train users
Convert to new system
p. 406 Fig. 11-1
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5. The System Development Life Cycle
What are guidelines for system development?
Arrange tasks into phases (groups of activities)
Involve users (anyone for whom system is being built)
Develop clearly defined standards (procedures company expects employees to follow) p
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6. The System Development Life Cycle
Who participates in the system development life cycle?
p. 407 Fig. 11-2
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7. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a systems analyst?
Responsible for designing and developing information system
Liaison between users and IT professionals
p. 407
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8. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the project team?
Formed to work on project from beginning to end
Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals
Project leader—one member of the team who manages and controls project budget and schedule
p. 408
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9. The System Development Life Cycle
What is project management?
Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling activities during system development cycle
Project leader identifies elements for project
Goal, objectives, and expectations, collectively called scope
Required activities
Time estimates for each activity
Cost estimates for each activity
Order of activities
Activities that can take place at same time
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click Project Management below Chapter 11
p. 408
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10. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a Gantt chart?
Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities
p. 409 Fig. 11-3
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11. The System Development Life Cycle
What is feasibility?
Operational feasibility
Measure of how suitable system development will be to the company
Four feasibility tests:
Schedule feasibility
Economic feasibility (also called cost/benefit feasibility)
Technical feasibility
p. 409
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12. The System Development Life Cycle
What is documentation?
Collection and summarization of data and information
Includes reports, diagrams, programs, and other deliverables
p. 409
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13. The System Development Life Cycle
What are six data and information gathering techniques?
Review documentation
Observe
Questionnaire
Interview
Joint-application design (JAD) session
Research
p. 410 Fig. 11-4
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14. The System Development Life Cycle
What are some reasons to create or modify an information system?
To correct problem in existing system
To improve existing system
Outside group may mandate change
Competition can lead to change
p. 410
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15. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a request for system services?
Formal request for new or modified information system
Also called project request
p. 411 Fig. 11-5
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16. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the planning phase?
Begins when steering committee receives project request
Steering committee—decision-making body for the company
Function of committee:
Review and approve project requests
Prioritize project requests
Allocate resources
Form project development team for each approved project
p. 412
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17. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the analysis phase?
Conduct preliminary investigation, also called feasibility study
Perform detailed analysis
p. 413
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18. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the preliminary investigation?
Determine exact nature of problem or improvement and whether it is worth pursuing
Findings are presented in feasibility report, also known as a feasibility study
p Fig. 11-6
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19. The System Development Life Cycle
What is detailed analysis?
1. Study how current system works
2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements
3. Recommend solution
Sometimes called logical design
p. 415
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20. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the system proposal?
Assesses feasibility of each alternative solution
Recommends the most feasible solution for the project
Presented to steering committee, which decides how system will be developed
p. 415
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21. The System Development Life Cycle
What are possible solutions?
Horizontal market software—meets needs of many companies
Buy packaged software—prewritten software available for purchase
Vertical market software—designed for particular industry
Write own custom software—software developed at user’s request
Outsource—have outside source develop software
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click Vertical Market Software below Chapter 11
p. 415
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22. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the design phase?
Acquire hardware and software
Develop all details of new or modified information system
p. 416
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23. The System Development Life Cycle
What is needed to acquire new hardware and software?
Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or modified system
Talk with other systems analysts
Surf Web
Visit vendors’ stores
Read print and online trade journals, newspapers, and magazines
E-zine, or electronic magazine, is publication available on Web
p. 416
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24. The System Development Life Cycle
What are three basic documents used to summarize technical specifications?
Vendor quotes price(s) for listed product(s)
Identifies product(s) you want
Request for quotation (RFQ)
Request for proposal (RFP)
Vendor selects product(s) that meet(s) your requirements and then quotes price(s)
Less formal method that uses standard form to request information about product or service
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click Request for Proposals below Chapter 11
Request for information (RFI)
p. 416
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25. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a value-added reseller (VAR)?
Complete system provided by value-added reseller
Value-added reseller (VAR) purchases products from manufacturer and then resells them, offering additional services with product
Authorized VARs must meet certain manufacturer-specified requirements
p. 417 Fig. 11-7
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26. The System Development Life Cycle
How do systems analysts test software products?
References from vendor
Talk to current users of product
Product demonstrations
Trial version of software
Benchmark test measures performance
p. 417
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27. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a detailed design?
Detailed design specifications for components in proposed solution
Includes several activities
Database design
Input and output design
Program design p
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28. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a mockup?
Sample of input or output that contains actual data
p. 418 Fig. 11-8
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29. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a layout chart?
Input or output that contains programming-like notations for data items
p. 419 Fig. 11-9
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30. The System Development Life Cycle
What is a prototype?
Working model of proposed system
Beginning a prototype too early may lead to problems
p. 419
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31. The System Development Life Cycle
What is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)?
Software tools designed to support activities of system development cycle
p. 419 Fig
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32. The System Development Life Cycle
What is the implementation phase?
Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified system and then deliver it to users
Convert to new system
Train users
Install and test new system
Develop programs
p. 420
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33. The System Development Life Cycle
What are the three types of tests performed by system developers?
Unit Test
Systems test
Verifies each individual program works by itself
Verifies all programs in application work together
Integration Test
Acceptance Test
Verifies application works with other applications
Verifies the new system works with actual data
p. 420
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34. The System Development Life Cycle
What is training?
Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in system
p. 421 Fig
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35. The System Development Life Cycle
What are conversion strategies?
Used to change from old system to new system
p. 421
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36. The System Development Life Cycle
Conduct post-implementation system review—meeting to find out if information system is performing according to expectations
The System Development Life Cycle
Identify errors
What is the support phase?
Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented
Identify enhancements
Monitor system performance
p. 422
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37. Information System Security
What is a computer security plan?
Summarizes in writing all of the safeguards that are in place to protect a company’s information assets
Identify all information
assets of an
organization
Identify all security risks that may cause an information loss
For each risk, identify the safeguards that exist to detect, prevent, and recover from a loss
p. 422
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38. Programming Languages
What is a computer program?
Set of instructions that directs computer to perform tasks
Programming language—used to write instructions
p. 423 Fig
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39. Programming Languages
What are low-level languages and high-level languages?
Low-level language
High-level language
Machine-dependent runs only on one type of computer
Often machine-independent can run on many different types of computers
Machine and assembly languages are low-level
p. 424
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40. Programming Languages
What is machine language?
Only language computer directly recognizes
Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits
p. 424 Fig
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41. Programming Languages
What is assembly language?
Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes
Source program contains code to be converted to machine language
p. 424 Fig
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42. Programming Languages
What is a procedural language?
Programmer writes instructions that tell computer what to accomplish and how to do it
Uses series of English-like words to write instructions
Often called third-generation language (3GL)
Most widely used are BASIC, COBOL, and C
p. 425
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43. Programming Languages
What is a compiler?
Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it
p. 425 Fig
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44. Programming Languages
What is an interpreter?
Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time
Does not produce object program
p. 426 Fig
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45. Programming Languages
What is COBOL?
Designed for business applications
English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain
COmmon Business-Oriented Language
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click COBOL below Chapter 11
p. 426 Fig
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46. Programming Languages
What is C?
Powerful language originally designed to write system software
Requires professional programming skills
p. 427 Fig
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47. Programming Languages
What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?
Used to implement object-oriented design
Major benefit is ability to reuse existing objects
Event-driven—checks for and responds to set of events
C++ and Java are complete object-oriented languages
Object is item that contains data and procedures that act on data
Event is action to which program responds
p. 427
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48. Programming Languages
What is Java?
Developed by Sun Microsystems
Similar to C++ but uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click Java below Chapter 11
p. 427 Fig
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49. Programming Languages
What is C++?
Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts
Used to develop database and Web applications
What is C#?
Object-oriented programming language based on C++
Accepted as a standard for Web applications and XML-based Web services
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click C++ below Chapter 11
p. 428
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50. Programming Languages
What is a visual programming language?
Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code
Visual programming environment (VPE) allows developers to drag and drop objects to build programs
Sometimes called fifth-generation language
Programmer writes and implements program in segments
Often used in RAD (rapid application development) environment
p. 428
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51. Programming Languages
What is Visual Studio 2005?
.NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet
Comprised of Visual Basic 2005, Visual C , Visual C# 2005, and Visual J# 2005
Step 1. The programmer designs the user interface.
Step 2. The programmer assigns properties to each object on the form.
Step 3. The programmer writes code to define the action of each command button.
Step 4. The programmer tests the application.
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Visual Studio 2005 below Chapter 11
p. 428 Fig
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52. Programming Languages
What is Delphi?
Powerful visual programming tool
Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications
What is PowerBuilder?
Another powerful visual programming tool
Best suited for Web-based and large-scale object-oriented applications
p. 429
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53. Programming Languages
What is RPG (Report Program Generator)?
Used for generating reports, performing computations, and updating files
p. 430 Fig
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54. Programming Languages
What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?
Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in database
Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to manage data in relational DBMS
p. 430 Fig
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55. Programming Languages
What are other available programming languages?
ADA
ALGOL
APL
FORTH
FORTRAN
HYPERTALK
LISP
LOGO
MODULA-2
PASCAL
PILOT
PL/I
PROLOG
SMALLTALK
p. 431
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56. Programming Languages
What is an application generator?
Program that creates source code or machine code from specification
Consists of report writer, form, and menu generator
Form provides areas for entering data
p Fig
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57. Programming Languages
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
Used to create Web pages
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click HTML below Chapter 11
p. 433 Fig
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58. Programming Languages
What is a scripting language?
Typically easy to learn and use
JavaScript—adds dynamic content and interactive elements to Web page
VBScript (Visual Basic, Scripting Edition)—adds intelligence and interactivity to Web page
Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language)—has powerful text processing capabilities
p Fig
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59. Programming Languages
What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?
Allows developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity in Web page
p. 435 Fig
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60. Programming Languages
What are XHTML, XML, and WML?
XHTML (Extensible HTML) enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers
Includes features of HTML and XML
XML (Extensible Markup Language) allows developers to create customized tags
Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without going back to server
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click XML below Chapter 11
WML (Wireless Markup Language) allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers
Many PDAs and smart phones use WML as their markup language
p. 436
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61. Programming Languages
What is Web page authoring software?
Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML
Generates HTML
Dreamweaver MX
Flash MX
FrontPage 2003
p. 436
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62. Programming Languages
What is multimedia authoring software?
Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into interactive presentation
Used for computer-based training (CBT) and Web-based training (WBT)
Software includes Toolbook, Authorware, and Director MX
p. 437 Fig
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63. The Program Development Cycle
What is the program development cycle?
Steps programmers use to build computer programs
Programming team—Group of programmers working on program
p. 438 Fig
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64. The Program Development Cycle
What is a sequence control structure?
Control structure that shows actions following each other in order
Control structure depicts logical order of program instructions
p. 440 Fig
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65. The Program Development Cycle
What is a selection control structure?
Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition
Two types
Case control structure
If-then-else control structure—yields one of two possibilities: true or false
p. 440 Fig
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66. The Program Development Cycle
What is a case control structure?
Yields one of three or more possibilities
p Fig
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67. The Program Development Cycle
What is a repetition control structure?
Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly
Do-while control structure—repeats as long as condition is true
Do-While Control Structure
Do-Until Control Structure
Do-until control structure—repeats until condition is true
p. 441 Figs –11-34
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68. Summary of Information System Development and Programming Languages
Phases in the system development life cycle
Various programming languages and program development tools used to write and develop computer programs
Guidelines for system development
Web development and multimedia development tools
Activities that occur during the entire system development cycle
Program development cycle
Chapter 11 Complete