1. Programming System development life cycle Life cycle of a program
Problem statement
Algorithms
Moving from algorithm to code
Moving from code to machine language
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2. Topics Testing programs Completing a program
Selecting the right programming language
Most popular programming languages
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3. Systems System: Information system includes:
A collection of pieces working together to achieve a common goal
Information system includes:
Data
People
Procedures
Hardware
Software
System development life cycle (SDLC):
An organized process used to develop systems in an orderly fashion
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4. System Development Life Cycle
Click on steps to view details
Problem/ Opportunity Identification
Analysis
Design
Development & Documentation
Testing & Installation
Maintenance & Evaluation
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5. Problem/Opportunity Identification
The existing system is evaluated:
Problems are defined
New proposals are reviewed
Decisions are made to proceed with the projects

6. Analysis
A program specification (goals and objectives of the project) is developed
Feasibility assessment is performed
User requirements are defined
Analysts recommend a plan of action

7. Design A detailed plan for programmers is developed
Flow charts and data-flow diagrams are used for the current and proposed system
Flowchart
Data-flow diagram

8. Development & Documentation
Actual programming takes place
First phase of the program development life cycle (PDLC)

9. Testing & Installation
Testing the program for proper operation
Installation of the program for use

10. Maintenance & Evaluating
Performance of the system is monitored
Corrections and modifications to the program are made

11. The Life Cycle of a Program
Programming is the process of translating a task into a series of commands a computer will use to perform that task
Programming involves:
Identifying the parts of a task the computer can perform
Describing tasks in a specific and complete manner
Translating the tasks into a language that is understood by the computer’s CPU
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12. Program Development Life Cycle
Click on the steps for more information
Step 1
Describing the Problem
Step 2
Making a Plan
Step 3
Coding
Step 4
Debugging
Step 5
Finishing the Project
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13. Describing the Problem
The problem statement is:
The starting point of programming
A description of tasks the program is to accomplish
How the program will execute the tasks
Created through interaction between the programmer and the user
The program statement includes error handling and a testing plan

14. Parking Garage Example
PROGRAM GOAL:
To compute the total pay for a fixed number of hours worked at a parking garage.
INPUTS:
Number of Hours Worked a positive number
OUTPUTS:
Total Pay Earned a positive number
PROCESS:
The Total Pay Earned is computed as $7.32 per hour for the first eight hours worked each day. Any hours worked beyond the first eight are billed at $11.73 per hour.
ERROR HANDLING:
The input Number of Hours Worked must be a positive real number. If it is a negative number or other non-acceptable character, the program will force the user to re-enter the information.
TESTING PLAN:
INPUT
OUTPUT
NOTES 8
8*7.32
Testing positive input 3
3*7.32 12
8* *11.73
Testing overtime input –6
Error message/ask user to re-enter value
Handling error

15. Go to accounting lecture
Making a Plan
Algorithm development:
A set of specific, sequential steps that describe what the computer program must do
Complex algorithms include decision points:
Binary (yes/no)
Loop (repeating actions)
Visual tools used to track algorithm and decision points:
Wake Up
Check wallet for $
Do I have > $80
Yes No
Head off to cafe
Yes
Do I have my credit card? No
Go get gas
Yes
Go to the ATM for cash
Buy textbook
Did I get $80 from the ATM?
Go to accounting lecture No 17

16. Top-Down Design and Object-Oriented Analysis
Problem is divided into a series of high level tasks
Detailed subtasks are created from high level tasks
Object-oriented analysis
Classes (categories of inputs) are identified
Classes are defined by information (data) and actions (methods or behaviors)
Objects are defined by their class, data and behavior
Interaction between classes is determined
Existing classes can be used for other projects

17. Flowchart and Pseudocode
Bold terms show actions that are common in programming, such as reading data, making decisions, printing, and so on.
1. Ask the user how many hours they worked today
2. If the number of hours worked < = 8,
compute total pay without overtime
otherwise,
compute total pay with overtime pay
3. Print total pay
Underlined words are information items that appear repeatedly in the algorithm.

18. Coding Coding is translating an algorithm into a programming language
Generations of programming languages:
1GL Machine Bits describe the commands to the CPU
2GL Assembly Words describe the commands to the CPU
ADD Register 3, Register 4, Register 5
3GL FORTRAN, Symbols describe the commands to the CPU
BASIC, C TotalPay = Pay + OvertimePay;
4GL SQL More powerful commands allow complex
work to be done in a single sentence
ALL EMPLOYERS WHERE “TotalPay” TOTAL > 25000
5GL PROLOG, Graphical interfaces allow programmers to
Visual Basic build applications without thinking about code
Low Level
High Level
Natural

19. Compilation
Compilation is the process of converting code into machine language
Compiler reads the source code and translates it into machine language
Interpreter translates source code into a line by line intermediate form

20. Debugging Running a program to find errors is known as debugging
Sample inputs are used to determine logic errors

21. Finishing the Project Users test the program (internal testing)
Beta version released:
Information collected about errors before final revision
Software updates (service packs):
Problems found after commercial release
Documentation created:
User manuals
User training

22. Programming Languages
Selecting the right language:
Space available
Speed required
Organizational resources available
Type of target application
ASP / JSP
Flash / XML
JavaScript
VBScript
Java
Visual Basic
C / C++
HTML
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23. Visual Basic Used to build Windows applications
Object-oriented language
VB.NET is the current version
Sample Visual Basic
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24. C and C++ C: C++: Developed for system programmers
Combines high and low level programming features
Modern operating systems were written in C
C++:
Uses the same features as C
Includes object-oriented design
Sample C
Sample C++
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25. Java & C# Object-oriented features
Sample Java
Object-oriented features
Large set of existing classes (java)
Architecture neutral
Many kinds of programs (java)
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26. Web Applications Hypertext Markup language (HTML): JavaScript:
Not a true programming language
Uses special symbols (tags) to control how Web pages are viewed
JavaScript:
Used to make Web pages more visually appealing and interactive
VBScript:
A subset of Visual Basic
Used to add interactivity to Web pages
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27. Web Applications
Active Server Pages (ASP) and Java Server Pages (JSP):
Adds interactivity capabilities to Web pages
Translates user information into a request for more information from a company’s computer
Flash:
Enables elaborate animations to be created for Web pages
Extensible Markup Language (XML):
Enables computers to efficiently transfer information between Web sites
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