1. 10-1 CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals

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3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-3 Linnaeus and Taxonomy More than 1.5 million species of animals are named More than 1.5 million species of animals are named Estimated that these account for Estimated that these account for Less than 20% of all extant animals Less than 20% of all extant animals Less than 1% of extinct animals Less than 1% of extinct animals Taxonomy Taxonomy Formal system for naming and classifying species Formal system for naming and classifying species Systematics Systematics Broader science of classifying organisms based on similarity, biogeography, etc. Broader science of classifying organisms based on similarity, biogeography, etc. Systematic zoologists have three goals Systematic zoologists have three goals To discover all species of animals To discover all species of animals To reconstruct their evolutionary relationships To reconstruct their evolutionary relationships To classify animals according to their evolutionary relationships To classify animals according to their evolutionary relationships

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-4 Linnaeus and Taxonomy Greek philosopher Aristotle first classified organisms Greek philosopher Aristotle first classified organisms Carolus Linnaeus designed the current system of classification Carolus Linnaeus designed the current system of classification Swedish botanist with extensive experience classifying objects, especially flowers Swedish botanist with extensive experience classifying objects, especially flowers Used morphology to develop a classification system of animals and plants Used morphology to develop a classification system of animals and plants Published in his work, Systema Naturae Published in his work, Systema Naturae Divided animal kingdom into species and gave each a distinctive name Divided animal kingdom into species and gave each a distinctive name Grouped species into genera, genera into orders, and orders into classes Grouped species into genera, genera into orders, and orders into classes His classification scheme has been drastically altered, but the basic principle is still followed His classification scheme has been drastically altered, but the basic principle is still followed

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6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-6 Hierarchy of taxonomic ranks now includes 7 major groups Hierarchy of taxonomic ranks now includes 7 major groups Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species All animals are placed in Kingdom Animalia All animals are placed in Kingdom Animalia Names of animal groups at each rank in the hierarchy are called taxa (taxon) Names of animal groups at each rank in the hierarchy are called taxa (taxon) Each rank can be subdivided into additional levels of taxa Each rank can be subdivided into additional levels of taxa Superclass, suborder, etc. Superclass, suborder, etc. Linnaeus and Taxonomy

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8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-8 A scientific name of an animal consists of two words (binomial nomenclature) A scientific name of an animal consists of two words (binomial nomenclature) First word is the genus and is capitalized First word is the genus and is capitalized Second is the specific epithet written in lower case Second is the specific epithet written in lower case Scientific name should be printed in italics or underlined if handwritten Scientific name should be printed in italics or underlined if handwritten Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Genus name Genus name Always a noun Always a noun Names of genera must refer only to a single group of organisms Names of genera must refer only to a single group of organisms Linnaeus and Taxonomy

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-9 Species Any species has a distribution through space and distribution through time Any species has a distribution through space and distribution through time Geographic range Geographic range Species having very large geographic ranges or worldwide distributions Species having very large geographic ranges or worldwide distributions Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Species with very restricted geographic distributions Species with very restricted geographic distributions Endemic Endemic Evolutionary duration Evolutionary duration Distribution through time Distribution through time

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11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-11 Species Typological Species Concept Typological Species Concept Before Darwin, a species was considered a distinct and immutable entity Before Darwin, a species was considered a distinct and immutable entity A type specimen was labeled and deposited in a museum A type specimen was labeled and deposited in a museum Represented the ideal form of a specimen Represented the ideal form of a specimen Small differences from the type Small differences from the type Considered accidental imperfections Considered accidental imperfections

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13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-13 Species Biological Species Concept Biological Species Concept Proposed by Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr Proposed by Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr Been refined and reworded several times Been refined and reworded several times A species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature. A species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature. Ability to successfully interbreed is central to the concept Ability to successfully interbreed is central to the concept Criteria of “niche” tie in ecological properties Criteria of “niche” tie in ecological properties

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-14 Species Sometimes species status can be evaluated directly by conducting breeding experiments Sometimes species status can be evaluated directly by conducting breeding experiments However, controlled breeding experiments can be difficult to conduct However, controlled breeding experiments can be difficult to conduct Molecular and other studies may detect sibling species Molecular and other studies may detect sibling species Species too similar in morphology to be diagnosed as separate species by morphological characters alone Species too similar in morphology to be diagnosed as separate species by morphological characters alone

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-15 Species Evolutionary Species Concept Evolutionary Species Concept Simpson proposed the evolutionary species concept in the 1940s Simpson proposed the evolutionary species concept in the 1940s Concept persists but with modification Concept persists but with modification An evolutionary species An evolutionary species A single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate. A single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-16 Species Phylogenetic Species Concept Phylogenetic Species Concept Phylogenetic species Phylogenetic species An irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from other such groupings and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent. An irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from other such groupings and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent. Both asexual and sexual groups are covered Both asexual and sexual groups are covered Phylogenetic species is a single population lineage with no detectable branching Phylogenetic species is a single population lineage with no detectable branching

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18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-18 Sources of Phylogenetic Information Sources of Phylogenetic Information Comparative Morphology Comparative Morphology Examines shapes, sizes and development of organisms Examines shapes, sizes and development of organisms Skull bones, limb bones, scales, hair and feathers Skull bones, limb bones, scales, hair and feathers Living specimens and fossils are used Living specimens and fossils are used Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-19 Comparative Biochemistry Comparative Biochemistry Analyzes sequences of amino acids in proteins and nucleotides sequences in nucleic acids Analyzes sequences of amino acids in proteins and nucleotides sequences in nucleic acids Recent studies show comparative biochemistry can be applied to fossils Recent studies show comparative biochemistry can be applied to fossils Comparative Cytology Comparative Cytology Examines variation in number, shape and size of chromosomes Examines variation in number, shape and size of chromosomes Used almost exclusively on living specimens Used almost exclusively on living specimens Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction

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21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-21 Theories of Taxonomy Two currently popular theories of taxonomy Two currently popular theories of taxonomy Traditional Evolutionary Taxonomy Traditional Evolutionary Taxonomy Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics) Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics) A relationship between a taxonomic group and a phylogenetic tree or cladogram important in both theories Relationship can take on one of three forms A relationship between a taxonomic group and a phylogenetic tree or cladogram important in both theories Relationship can take on one of three forms Monophyly Monophyly A monophyletic taxon includes the most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor A monophyletic taxon includes the most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-22 Paraphyly Paraphyly A taxon is paraphyletic if it includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some but not all descendants of that ancestor A taxon is paraphyletic if it includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some but not all descendants of that ancestor Polyphyly Polyphyly A taxon is polyphyletic if it does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group A taxon is polyphyletic if it does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group The group has at least two separate evolutionary origins The group has at least two separate evolutionary origins Theories of Taxonomy

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-23 Relationships between phylogeny and taxonomic groups

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26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-26 Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom Traditional groupings based on embryological and anatomical characters Traditional groupings based on embryological and anatomical characters Branch A (Mesozoa): phylum Mesozoa, the mesozoa Branch A (Mesozoa): phylum Mesozoa, the mesozoa Branch B (Parazoa): phylum Porifera, the sponges and phylum Placozoa Branch B (Parazoa): phylum Porifera, the sponges and phylum Placozoa Branch C (Eumetazoa): all other phyla Branch C (Eumetazoa): all other phyla

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-27 Branch C (Eumetazoa): all other phyla Grade I (Radiata): phyla Cnidaria, Ctenophora Grade I (Radiata): phyla Cnidaria, Ctenophora Grade II (Bilateria): all other phyla Grade II (Bilateria): all other phyla Division A (Protostomia): characteristics in Figure 10-12 Division A (Protostomia): characteristics in Figure 10-12 Acoelomates: phyla Platyhelminthes, Gnathostomulida, Nemertea Acoelomates: phyla Platyhelminthes, Gnathostomulida, Nemertea Pseudocoelomates: phyla Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Entoprocta, Priapulida, Loricifera Pseudocoelomates: phyla Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Entoprocta, Priapulida, Loricifera Eucoelomates: phyla Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echiurida, Sipunculida, Tardigrada, Onychophora Eucoelomates: phyla Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echiurida, Sipunculida, Tardigrada, Onychophora Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-28 Division B (Deuterostomia): characteristics in Figure 10-2 Division B (Deuterostomia): characteristics in Figure 10-2 phyla Phoronida, Ectoprocta,Chaetognatha, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-29 Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have challenged traditional classification of Bilateria Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have challenged traditional classification of Bilateria Grade II: Bilateria Grade II: Bilateria Division A: (Protostomia): Division A: (Protostomia): Lophotrochozoa: phyla platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Acanthocephala, Mollusca, Annelida, Echiurida, Sipunculida, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Chaetognatha, Brachiopoda Lophotrochozoa: phyla platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Acanthocephala, Mollusca, Annelida, Echiurida, Sipunculida, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Chaetognatha, Brachiopoda Ecdysozoa: phyla Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Arthropoda, Tardigrada, Onychophora, Loricifera Ecdysozoa: phyla Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Arthropoda, Tardigrada, Onychophora, Loricifera Division B (Deuterostomia): Division B (Deuterostomia): phyla Chordata, Hemichordata, Echinodermata phyla Chordata, Hemichordata, Echinodermata Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom

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