1. Chapter 4 Classification and Phylogeny

2. Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist Produced a classification scheme for plants and animals Published “Systema Naturae” 1707-1778

3. Linnean system of classification

4. 1. All animals have a unique name

5. Linnean system of classification 1.All animals have a unique name This name is a binomial Genus name Species epithet

6. Linnean system of classification 1.All animals have a unique name This name is a binomial Genus name Species epithet 2.Organisms are arranged into groups based on relatedness

7. Linnean system of classification 1.All animals have a unique name This name is a binomial Genus name Species epithet 2.Organisms are arranged into groups based on relatedness Hierarchical system of classification

8. Hierarchical system Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

9. What is in a name? Genus name: Homo Species name: Homo sapiens Note: Complete species name Cap of genus name but not specific epithet Italicization (underline)

10. Phylogenetics The scientific study of the relationships between the many different kinds of life on Earth

11. Phylogenetics The scientific study of the relationships between the many different kinds of life on Earth –Includes methods of collecting and analyzing data and interpreting the results

12. Phylogenetics The scientific study of the relationships between the many different kinds of life on Earth –Includes methods of collecting and analyzing data and interpreting the results The Emphasis is on common descent

13. Definitions 1. Ancestral character state: character shared by all members within a group.

14. Definitions 1.Ancestral character state: character shared by all members within a group. 2.Derived characters: character unique to a group or groups.

15. Definitions 1.Ancestral character state: character shared by all members within a group. 2.Derived characters: character unique to a group or groups. 3.Outgroup: organism we will compare the ingroup to.

16. Definitions 1.Ancestral character state: character shared by all members within a group. 2.Derived characters: character unique to a group or groups. 3.Outgroup: organism we will compare the ingroup to. 4.Clade: subset of closely related organisms within a group.

17. Definitions 1.Ancestral character state: character shared by all members within a group. 2.Derived characters: character unique to a group or groups. 3.Outgroup: organism we will compare the ingroup to. 4.Clade: subset of closely related organisms within a group. 5.Synapomorphy: a derived character shared by all members within a clade.

18. 1.Ancestral character state 2.Derived characters 3.Outgroup 4.Clade 5.Synapomorphy

19. What kind of characters are used Comparative morphology: structural

20. What kind of characters are used Comparative morphology: structural Comparative cytology: chromosomes

21. What kind of characters are used Comparative morphology: structural Comparative cytology: chromosomes Comparative biochemistry: genetic

24. What kind of characters are used Comparative morphology: structural Comparative cytology: chromosomes Comparative biochemistry: genetic Total Evidence

25. Any character can fall into three categories

26. Monophyletic: shared by all members of a group.

27. Any character can fall into three categories Monophyletic: shared by all members of a group. Paraphyletic: not shared by all members within a group.

28. Any character can fall into three categories Monophyletic: shared by all members of a group. Paraphyletic: not shared by all members within a group. Polyphyletic: found in more than one group.

29. Analyses of phylogeny

30. Species? How do you define it?

31. Species? How do you define it? Start with common descent

32. Species? How do you define it? Start with common descent After that, all modern concepts of species differ.

33. Species? –Ecological species concept –Recognition species concept –Diagnostic species concept –Evolutionary species concept –Cohesion species concept –Phenetic species concept –Phylogenetic species concept –Biological species concept

34. Species? –Ecological species concept –Recognition species concept –Diagnostic species concept –Evolutionary species concept –Cohesion species concept –Phenetic species concept –Phylogenetic species concept –Biological species concept

35. Biological species concept “Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups” (Ernst Mayr 1970)

36. Kingdom concepts Five kingdom concept Three Domain concept

37. Five Kingdom

38. Note that Protists and Monera are paraphyletic

39. Three Domains Note that the “Monera has been split into two groups. Everything else belongs into a single group.

40. Protozoa ProtostomesDeuterostomes Coelomates Acoelomates Mollusca Crustacea Arachnida Insecta Annelida Echinodermata Chordata Vertebrata Tunicata Pseudocoelomates Monera (Bacteria) Hemi- chordata Metazoa Parazoa Eumetazoa Bilateria † Mesozoa † Triploblasts * Diploblasts Arthropoda Cnidaria Ctenophora Radiata*

41. The Big Picture

42. Linnaeus constructed the nomenclatural system we use today

43. The Big Picture Linnaeus constructed the nomenclatural system we use today Systematics allow biologists to determine the relationships of organisms

44. The Big Picture Linnaeus constructed the nomenclatural system we use today Systematics allow biologists to determine the relationships of organisms The definition of a “species” still confounds biologists. We are now realizing that a single definition may not be enough.

45. The Big Picture Linnaeus constructed the nomenclatural system we use today Systematics allow biologists to determine the relationships of organisms The definition of a “species” still confounds biologists. We are now realizing that a single definition may not be enough. The “Five Kingdom” concept is used for convenience not accuracy.