1. Clinical Profile of HIV/AIDS-infected Patients Admitted to a New Specialist Unit in Dhaka, Bangladesh—A Low- prevalence Country for HIV J Health Popul Nutr. 2011 Feb; 29(1): 14–19

2. Managing HIV/AIDS is a relatively new field in Bangladesh, and little information exists regarding the clinical presentation of AIDS in the country

3. in 2009 619 with AIDS <1% at-risk populations prevalence of HIV <0.1% in GP In 2009 1,745 HIV cases 214 had died The national AIDS/STD Programme, estimated that 7,500 people in Bangladesh are living with HIV

4. Admission data for the May 2008–February 2010 period were gathered from an admission notebook kept on the ward, and the paper notes were reviewed for clinical and microbiological data. Since February 2009, the Dhaka Hospital moved to an electronic patient-record system (EPR), and admission data were gathered from this computerized system. All microbiological and virological data were extracted either from the EPR or from the chart review.

5. definition TB : appropriate clinical symptoms and/or a CXR compatible with TB and a positive sputum smear for acid fast bacilli or a positive sputum culture Disseminated TB : clinical features of TB and involvement of at least two organs, with bacteriological or histological evidence of TB TB meningitis : was diagnosed by bacteriological evidence on CSF examination or after exclusion of other causes of meningitis and/or with radiological evidence (CT) of TB meningitis and clinical improvement after the commencement of anti-tuberculosis therapy. Malignancies : confirmed histologically Oesophageal candidiasis : endoscopic examination or clinical evidence of oral candidiasis with swallowing difficulties which improved on antifungal therapy.

6. CMV retinitis : fundoscopic examination CMV colitis : suggestive clinical symptoms and colonoscopic evidence of ulceration which resolved on Ganciclovir therapy. disseminated fungal disease : histological examination of biopsy samples. sepsis : clinical features of septicaemia, which was either confirmed bacteriologically and/or responded to antibacterial treatment.

7. 109 Age,1.5-65 yr Mean: 33,4 yr Median 35 yr 68(62%) male,41(38%) female Heterosexual transmission 87(80%)

8. history 40(37%) history of migration in past,100% m32(29%) had hiv positive spouses, 97% f 10(9%) reported buying sex from sex worker 5 (5%) history of previous commercial sex worker

9. causes 1.heterosexual transmission 2. history of injecting drug-use was recorded in 11 (10%) cases 3.possible vertical transmission in 6 (5.5%) cases 4.Two (1.8%) cases had a history of bisexual contact or being MSM (men who have sex with men). 5.two (1.8%) cases, no risk-factor data were available, and one (0.9%) was believed to be transfusion-associated.

10. 7(6.4%) cases were child 1.5-9 yr Vertical transmission in 6 cases 1 cases from blood transfusion

11. no % Tuberculosis—all2523 Pulmonary16 Disseminated5 TB meningitis2 Lymph node1 Joint1 Pulmonary infection1211 Candidiasis—all1110 Oral3 Oesophageal5 Vulvovaginal3 Pregnancy-related admission87.3 Skin—all87.3 Fungal4 Drug rash3 Infestation (scabies)1 Abscess/cellulitis65.5 CMV disease—all43.7 CMV retinitis3 CMV colitis1 Sepsis54.6 Herpes Zoster32.8 Malignancy—all32.8 Kaposi sarcoma1 Poorly-differentiated carcinoma of tongue 1 Infantile fibrosarcoma1 Peripheral neuropathy32.8 Disseminated histoplasmosis21.8 Cryptosporidiosis10.9 Shigellosis10.9 Bacterial meningitis10.9 Recurrent otitis media10.9 Opportunistic infections and/or HIV-related conditions

12. Classification according to clinical stages of the WHO clinical stage 1: 25 (23%) patients clinical stage 2: 33 (30%) patients clinical stage 3: 25 (23%) patients and clinical stage 4: 26 (24%) patients.

13. Clinical Stage Clinical Conditions or Symptoms Primary HIV Infection Asymptomatic Acute retroviral syndrome Clinical Stage 1 Asymptomatic Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy Clinical Stage 2 Moderate unexplained weight loss (<10% of presumed or measured body weight Recurrent respiratory infections (sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis) Herpes zoster Angular cheilitis Recurrent oral ulceration Papular pruritic eruptions Seborrheic dermatitis Fungal nail infections Clinical Stage 3 Unexplained severe weight loss (>10% of presumed or measured body weight) Unexplained chronic diarrhea for >1 month Unexplained persistent fever for >1 month (>37.6°C, intermittent or constant) Persistent oral candidiasis (thrush) Oral hairy leukoplakia Pulmonary tuberculosis (current) Severe presumed bacterial infections (e.g., pneumonia, empyema, pyomyositis, bone or joint infection, meningitis, bacteremia) Acute necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, gingivitis, or periodontitis Unexplained anemia (hemoglobin <8 g/dL) Neutropenia (neutrophils <500 cells/µL) Chronic thrombocytopenia (platelets <50,000 cells/µL)

14. Clinical Stage 4 HIV wasting syndrome, as defined by the CDC (see Table 1, above) Pneumocystis pneumonia Recurrent severe bacterial pneumonia Chronic herpes simplex infection (orolabial, genital, or anorectal site for >1 month or visceral herpes at any site) Esophageal candidiasis (or candidiasis of trachea, bronchi, or lungs) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis Kaposi sarcoma Cytomegalovirus infection (retinitis or infection of other organs) Central nervous system toxoplasmosis HIV encephalopathy Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary (including meningitis) Disseminated nontuberculosis mycobacteria infection Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Candida of the trachea, bronchi, or lungs Chronic cryptosporidiosis (with diarrhea) Chronic isosporiasis Disseminated mycosis (e.g., histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, penicilliosis) Recurrent nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia Lymphoma (cerebral or B-cell non-Hodgkin) Invasive cervical carcinoma Atypical disseminated leishmaniasis Symptomatic HIV-associated nephropathy Symptomatic HIV-associated cardiomyopathy Reactivation of American trypanosomiasis (meningoencephalitis or myocarditis)

15. D4 Cell Count Categories Clinical Categories A Asymptomatic, Acute HIV, or PGL B* Symptomatic Conditions, not A or C C# AIDS-Indicator Conditions (1) ≥500 cells/µLA1B1C1 (2) 200-499 cells/µLA2B2C2 (3) <200 cells/µLA3B3C3

16. CD4 cells/µL No. of patients (n=102) CD4 counts for in-hospital deaths (n=13) No.% % <5024 862 51-2003231215 201-35019 18 >3512726215 CD4 count results (specimens were taken on admission)

17. one(7.7%) case was due to CMV disease 3 cases of pulmonary TB, one case of disseminated TB, one case of TB meningitis 13 (12%) died in hospital 8/13 had a CD4 count of <50 cells/µL. Five (38%) deaths occurred due to TB one (7.7%) case due to malignancy Four (31%) deaths were attributed to overwhelming sepsis Two (15%) cases had no attribiutable cause

18. The conditions that led to carrying out an HIV test 9 new cases 1/9 had kaposi sarcoma TB without risk factors Loss of weight and intractable diarrha without any pathogen 3/9TB with red flag History of injection drug, professional sex work, history of buying sex from sex worker in one case

19. DISCUSSION Most (94%) admitted patients were adults. The small number of paediatric admissions hopefully reflects a small number of children infected with HIV in Bangladesh The largest group of patients in our cohort reported heterosexual transmission In 37% of the admissions, a previous history of external migration was recorded. The vast majority travel to the Middle East or other countries in South Asia for employment. Mercer et al. reported that extramarital sex was 2-3 times higher in spouses who live apart. The proportions of men who reported sex with a female sex worker (51%) or with another male (5.4%) while living away were also higher. Subtyping of HIV suggests that these infections were acquired from abroad.

20. DISCUSSION the second largest group of patients, had no other recorded risk for HIV transmission other than an HIV-positive spouse (29%). This group comprised exclusively females. However, one cannot ascertain who was infected first—the patient or the spouse

21. DISCUSSION The proportion of patients with a previous history of IDU was 10%. The prevalence data in Bangladesh revealed a concentrated epidemic of HIV among IDUs, with prevalence rates up to 7%. Lower rates of admissions of IDUs may reflect referral practices for them or differing healthcare-seeking behaviour among this client group. Bisexuality or MSM practices were recorded on only two occasions. Societal attitudes within Bangladesh may discourage patients from admitting this to healthcare practitioners.

22. DISCUSSION Only one patient was thought to be infected by a blood transfusion. Unsafe blood transfusion is a matter of concern in Bangladesh where professional blood donors still donate blood to earn extra income. They are more likely to be infected with bloodborne viruses than voluntary donors, with one report quoting HBsAg positivity rate of 29% vs 4% in voluntary donors National blood-screening recommendations are in place in Bangladesh but monitoring of blood banks to ensure adherence to the recommendations needs strengthening. indicating high morbidity and mortality associated with low CD4 counts, which has been previously reported.

23. TB was the most frequently-recorded diagnosis and the commonest attributable cause of death in this series. Worldwide, it is estimated that 8% of new TB cases are attributable to HIV infection, In 2006,200,000 persons globally died from HIV-TB co-infection. TB is commonly diagnosed in HIV patients in other case series within Asia. Bangladesh is a high-burden country (387 per 100,000 population) for TB and so one would expect that we would have seen higher rates of TB prevalence

24. The reason may be in part, reflect the steep learning curve for doctors who are trying to diagnose TB, which can present atypically in HIV-infected patients. TB in Bangladesh is commonly diagnosed by suggestive clinical symptoms and signs coupled with a suggestive CXR and sputum sample that is smear microscopy- positive for AFB. HIV-positive patients with active TB may still have a normal CXR and may have sputum specimens that are smear-negative for AFB; however, the sputum may subsequently be culture-positive.

25. It is important that clinicians retain a high index of suspicion for TB, especially in patients with suggestive symptoms, despite initial investigations being normal. Overall, the prevalence of TB in this patient-group we describe here only represents those who were ill enough to warrant hospital admission and will, thus, represent the tip of the iceberg in terms of TB-HIV co- infection in Bangladesh.

26. Oral or oesophageal candidiasis was only reported in eight patients. The mean CD4 count in this group was 244, which may explain the lower numbers seen, as this tends to present more often with CD4 counts of <200 cells/µL The lack of PCP diagnoses may be due to a number of reasons. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis against pneumocystis infection is effective and widely available and prescribed to patients newly diagnosed with HIV with a CD4 count of <200 cells/µL. diagnostic facilities to diagnose PCP are limited in Bangladesh; so, it is possibly being underdiagnosed.

27. In the case of fungal infections, two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis were diagnosed on histological examination of a lymph node biopsy and a skin biopsy respectively. There are no cases of cryptococcal disease noted. Despite widespread reports of penicilliosis in South-East Asia and India, none was identified in our series. There is, at present, limited availability of fungal stains and/or culture and cryptococcal antigen tests in Bangladesh, which can limit the ability to diagnose this group of conditions.

28. It is not clear why we have not observed any cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis, although the widespread use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis may explain this to some degree