1. In the name of God Fariba Rezaeetalab Assistant Professor

2. TB and HIV  TB/HIV Pathogenesis  Importance of Screening  Clinical Presentations of HIV-related TB  Clinical Management of TB and HIV Co- infection

4. TB/HIV Two Diseases One Patient

5. TB: A Growing Concern for PLWHA Approximately 1/3 of the world population is infected with TB Approximately 1/3 of the world population is infected with TB TB is one of the leading causes of death in people with HIV, particularly in low-income countries TB is one of the leading causes of death in people with HIV, particularly in low-income countries HIV TB HIV & TB

6. The Effects of TB on HIV Progression TB increases HIV progression TB increases HIV progression Dually infected persons often have very high HIV viral loads Dually infected persons often have very high HIV viral loads Immuno-suppression progresses more quickly, and survival may be shorter despite successful treatment of TB Immuno-suppression progresses more quickly, and survival may be shorter despite successful treatment of TB Persons who were co-infected have a shorter survival period than persons with HIV who never had TB disease Persons who were co-infected have a shorter survival period than persons with HIV who never had TB disease

7. The Effects of Immune Suppression on TB Progression HIV+ person has a greater risk of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI) HIV+ person has a greater risk of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI) HIV+ person is more likely to progress to TB disease following infection HIV+ person is more likely to progress to TB disease following infection HIV+ person has a high risk of becoming sick again after treatment HIV+ person has a high risk of becoming sick again after treatment HIV+ person with LTBI has a 5-15% annual risk of developing active TB (versus 10% lifetime risk among HIV-negative persons) HIV+ person with LTBI has a 5-15% annual risk of developing active TB (versus 10% lifetime risk among HIV-negative persons)

8. The Effects of HAART on TB Progression Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) alone can reduce the risk of latent TB infection progression to active TB disease by as much as 80% – 92% Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) alone can reduce the risk of latent TB infection progression to active TB disease by as much as 80% – 92%

9. In areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection in the general population where tuberculosis and HIV infection are likely to co- exist, HIV counseling and testing is indicated for all tuberculosis patients as part of their routine management. In areas with lower prevalence rates of HIV, HIV counseling and testing is indicated for TB patients with symptoms and/or signs of HIV- related conditions and in tuberculosis patients having a history suggestive of high risk of HIV exposure.

10. TB Screening (2) TB Screening Questionnaire 1. Has the patient had a cough for >3 weeks? 2. Has the patient had night sweats for >3 weeks 3. Has the patient lost >3 kg in the past four months? 4. Has the patient had fever for >3 weeks? 5. Has the patient had recent contact with another person with active TB? Source: Gasana M, et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008; 12(3):S39-S43

11. TB Screening (3)  All patients suspected or known to be HIV- seropositive and those who have AIDS should be examined for TB, particularly when there is a cough

12. Clinical Presentation of HIV-related TB CD4 counts >350 CD4 counts >350 Disease usually limited to the lungs Disease usually limited to the lungs Often presents like TB in HIV-uninfected persons Often presents like TB in HIV-uninfected persons “ typical ” chest X-ray findings with upper lobe infiltrates with or without cavities “ typical ” chest X-ray findings with upper lobe infiltrates with or without cavities

13. Clinical Presentation of HIV-related TB (2) CD4 counts <50-100 CD4 counts <50-100 Extrapulmonary disease is common Extrapulmonary disease is common Disseminated disease with high fevers and rapid progression is seen Disseminated disease with high fevers and rapid progression is seen Chest X-ray findings often look like “ primary TB ” with adenopathy, effusions, interstitial or miliary Chest X-ray findings often look like “ primary TB ” with adenopathy, effusions, interstitial or miliary

14. Pulmonary TB in Early and Late HIV Infection Features of pulmonary TB Early Stage HIV infection Late Stage HIV infection Clinical picture often resembles post-primary PTB often resembles primary PTB Sputum smear result often positive more likely to be negative Chest X-ray appearance upper lobe infiltrates with or without cavitation infiltrates any lung zone, no cavitation; miliary; normal

15. Smear-negative Pulmonary TB TB sputum culture is the gold standard for TB diagnosis TB sputum culture is the gold standard for TB diagnosis If sputum smears are negative: If sputum smears are negative: Obtain sputum culture if available Obtain sputum culture if available Culture will improve the quality of care and assist the confirmation of the diagnosis Culture will improve the quality of care and assist the confirmation of the diagnosis A CXR can help with earlier diagnosis, i.e., if findings show intrathoracic adenopathy, miliary changes, or upper lobe infiltrates A CXR can help with earlier diagnosis, i.e., if findings show intrathoracic adenopathy, miliary changes, or upper lobe infiltrates

16. Diagnosing TB in Persons with HIV In HIV-positive or suspect patients: In HIV-positive or suspect patients: 3 sputum samples for microscopy are indicated for any symptoms of TB regardless of duration or sputum characteristics 3 sputum samples for microscopy are indicated for any symptoms of TB regardless of duration or sputum characteristics Fever and weight loss can be important symptoms Fever and weight loss can be important symptoms If sputum smear is +, a chest X-ray is not required to confirm the diagnosis PTB If sputum smear is +, a chest X-ray is not required to confirm the diagnosis PTB

17. Post - Primary Tuberculosis Air space consolidation Air space consolidation Cavitation, cavitary nodule Cavitation, cavitary nodule Upper lung zone distribution Upper lung zone distribution Endobronchial pattern of spread Endobronchial pattern of spread

18. Post – Primary TB : Cavitation

19. Post – Primary TB : Consolidation

20. Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis Distribution : Slight upper lobe predominance but any lobe can be involved Distribution : Slight upper lobe predominance but any lobe can be involved Intrathoracic adenopathy, hilar and paratracheal Intrathoracic adenopathy, hilar and paratracheal Cavitation is uncommon (<10%) Cavitation is uncommon (<10%) Miliary pattern Miliary pattern

21. HIV & TB : Adenitis

22. HIV & TB : Adenitis

23. 1  TB : Adenitis

24. Understand the Differential Diagnosis of Smear-Negative PTB in HIV Patients Always reassess the patient for conditions that may be mistaken for PTB, including non-infectious conditions Always reassess the patient for conditions that may be mistaken for PTB, including non-infectious conditions Acute bacterial pneumonia is common in HIV patients (short symptom history usually differentiates pneumonia from PTB) Acute bacterial pneumonia is common in HIV patients (short symptom history usually differentiates pneumonia from PTB) Consider PCP: Consider PCP: In a seriously ill patient with dry cough, severe dyspnoea and bilateral diffuse infiltrates In a seriously ill patient with dry cough, severe dyspnoea and bilateral diffuse infiltrates Concomitant treatment of TB and PCP may be lifesaving Concomitant treatment of TB and PCP may be lifesaving PCP almost never produces a pleural effusion PCP almost never produces a pleural effusion

25. Extra-pulmonary TB More strongly HIV-related than PTB More strongly HIV-related than PTB If combined extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) and PTB, HIV infection is even more likely If combined extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) and PTB, HIV infection is even more likely In HIV, EPTB is WHO Clinical Stage 4 In HIV, EPTB is WHO Clinical Stage 4 Patients with HIV and EPTB are at risk for disseminated disease and rapid clinical deterioration Patients with HIV and EPTB are at risk for disseminated disease and rapid clinical deterioration

26. Extra-pulmonary TB (2)  If a patient has EPTB, look also for PTB with sputum smears - many patients with EPTB, however, do not have coexisting PTB Forms of EPTB commonly seen in patients with HIV- associated TB include: Forms of EPTB commonly seen in patients with HIV- associated TB include: – Lymphadenopathy – Pleural effusion – Abdominal – Pericardial – Miliary TB – Meningitis

27. Extra-pulmonary TB (3) Presentation Presentation Constitutional symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss) Constitutional symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss) Local features related to the site of the disease Local features related to the site of the disease Diagnostic tools Diagnostic tools X-rays, ultrasound, biopsy X-rays, ultrasound, biopsy Diagnosis may be presumptive provided other conditions are excluded Diagnosis may be presumptive provided other conditions are excluded Note: disseminated TB may have no localizing signs, may present with anemia, or low platelets Note: disseminated TB may have no localizing signs, may present with anemia, or low platelets

28. TB Treatment  Anti-TB regimens in an HIV-positive patient follow the same principles as in HIV-negative patients

29. TB Treatment (2) Cautions: Cautions: Extensive disease Extensive disease Culture positive at 2 months Culture positive at 2 months Daily during initial phase then thrice weekly or daily Daily during initial phase then thrice weekly or daily

30. All patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection should be evaluated to determine if antiretroviral therapy (ART) is indicated during the course of treatment for tuberculosis All patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection should be evaluated to determine if antiretroviral therapy (ART) is indicated during the course of treatment for tuberculosis Appropriate arrangements for access to antiretroviral drugs should be made for patients who meet indications for treatment Appropriate arrangements for access to antiretroviral drugs should be made for patients who meet indications for treatment

31. Given the complexity of co-administration of antituberculosis treatment and ART, consultation with a physician who is expert in this area is recommended before initiation of concurrent treatment for TB and HIV infection, regardless of which disease appeared first Given the complexity of co-administration of antituberculosis treatment and ART, consultation with a physician who is expert in this area is recommended before initiation of concurrent treatment for TB and HIV infection, regardless of which disease appeared first However, initiation of treatment for TB should not be delayed However, initiation of treatment for TB should not be delayed Patients with TB and HIV infection should also receive cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis for other infections Patients with TB and HIV infection should also receive cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis for other infections

32. Summary TB increases HIV progression TB increases HIV progression HIV increases TB progression HIV increases TB progression Standard TB treatment usually cures TB in TB/HIV Standard TB treatment usually cures TB in TB/HIV Despite successful TB treatment, mortality among TB/HIV patients remains high Despite successful TB treatment, mortality among TB/HIV patients remains high All HIV/TB patients qualify for cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and it improves survival All HIV/TB patients qualify for cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and it improves survival

33. Summary (2) HAART for eligible patients greatly improves survival HAART for eligible patients greatly improves survival Different HAART regimens may be required because of drug interactions with rifampicin Different HAART regimens may be required because of drug interactions with rifampicin Programmatic synergy between the TB and HIV programs is needed to improve treatment of both conditions and will reduce disease and death Programmatic synergy between the TB and HIV programs is needed to improve treatment of both conditions and will reduce disease and death

34. Thank you