1. Carbon Compounds 2-3

2. The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry – study of all compounds that contain carbon Carbon has 4 valence electrons Carbon has 4 valence electrons Can form strong covalent bonds Can form strong covalent bonds Bonds with many elements (H, O, P, S, & N) Bonds with many elements (H, O, P, S, & N) Can also bond to other carbons, forming long chains of carbon bonds Can also bond to other carbons, forming long chains of carbon bonds

3. C can form single, double, or triple bonds with other C molecules Chains of C atoms can also form rings

4. Macromolecules Giant molecules Made from 1000’s or 100’s of 1000’s of small molecules Made from 1000’s or 100’s of 1000’s of small molecules Formed by polymerization – monomers join to form polymers Formed by polymerization – monomers join to form polymers Monomers (sm. molecules) may be identical or different Monomers (sm. molecules) may be identical or different

5. Organic Compounds 4 types of organic compounds: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids (or fats) Lipids (or fats) Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins

6. Carbohydrates Compounds made of C, H, & O Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio Example: glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Example: glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Carbon is the main energy source for living organisms Also used for structural purposes

7. The breakdown of glucose (sugar) gives cells immediate energy for activities Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates like starches Monosaccharides – single sugar molecules Examples: glucose, galactose (milk component), and fructose (found in fruit) Examples: glucose, galactose (milk component), and fructose (found in fruit)

8. Polysaccharides Lg. macromolecule formed by monosaccharides Excess sugar is stored in the polysaccharide glycogen (animal starch) Glycogen is released from liver when blood glucose levels are low Glycogen is released from liver when blood glucose levels are low

9. Plants store excess sugar as plant starch Another plant polysaccharide is cellulose Cellulose gives plants strength and rigidity Major component of wood and paper Major component of wood and paper

10. Lipids or Fats Lg. group of biological molecules Usually not soluble in water Made from C & H atoms Used to store energy Also important part of biological membranes

11. Lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with a fatty acid If the carbon atoms of a fatty acid chain are joined by a single bond – said to be saturated Has the maximum number of H atoms Has the maximum number of H atoms If there is 1 C-C double bond – unsaturated More than 1 double bond - polyunsaturated More than 1 double bond - polyunsaturated

12. Nucleic Acids Macromolecules that contain H, N, O, P, and C Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from monomers known called nucleotides Nucleotides have 3 parts: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

13. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA Both contain nucleotides made from a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base Both contain nucleotides made from a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base RNA uses ribose sugar RNA uses ribose sugar DNA uses deoxyribose sugar DNA uses deoxyribose sugar

14. Proteins Macromolecules that contain N, C, H, and O Composed of amino acids 20 amino acids in nature 20 amino acids in nature All have identical structure All have identical structure Amino group (-NH 2 ) Carboxyl group (-COOH) R group

15. Amino groups and carboxyl groups are at opposite ends This allows any AA to be joined to another AA by a covalent bond This allows any AA to be joined to another AA by a covalent bond R groups of AA are different Either basic or acidic Either basic or acidic Either polar or nonpolar Either polar or nonpolar Some contain carbon rings Some contain carbon rings

16. Instructions for arranging AA in to proteins are contained in DNA Some proteins Control rate of reactions Control rate of reactions Regulate cell processes Regulate cell processes Form bones and muscle Form bones and muscle Transport substances into/out of cells Transport substances into/out of cells Help fight disease Help fight disease