1. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition1 Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition Chapter 10 Routing In The IP Environment

2. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition2 Objectives Understand how basic routing works, how routing tables help control this behavior, and the various types of routing protocols, including distance vector and link-state protocols Describe various routing characteristics, including route convergence, split horizon, poison reverse, TTL, and black holes, and understand why they are necessary Understand the interior gateway protocols, such as RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP

3. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition3 Objectives (cont.) Describe how to manage routing on an internetwork, including policy considerations, load balancing, and maintaining a network map Describe factors involved in choosing a routing protocol for your wide area network

4. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition4 Objectives (cont.) Describe router connections on internal and external networks, including the Internet Understand the importance of securing routers and routing protocols Explain basic router diagnostic troubleshooting concepts, tools, and techniques

5. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition5 Understanding Routing Routing table –Database that lives in the memory of the router –Entries in this database are known as “routes” –Network addresses –“next hop” –Metrics –Vendor-specific information –Compilation of information about all the networks that the router can reach

6. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition6 Understanding Routing (cont.)

7. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition7 Understanding Routing (cont.) The routing table is used as follows: –Router reads destination address –Looks in the Network field of its routing table for a match –Finds a match, then it sends the packet to the corresponding next hop

8. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition8 How Entries Are Placed in the Routing Table Route entries can be placed in a routing table in three basic ways: –Direct connection –Manually configured Exact configuration Simple and secure –Dynamically with a routing protocol Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)

9. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition9 Routing Protocols and Routed Protocols Routing protocols are used to exchange routing information –Routing Information Protocol (RIP) –Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routed protocols are Layer 3 protocols that are used to get packets through an internetwork –Internet Protocol (IP) –Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)

10. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition10 Grouping Routing Protocols Two primary ways to group routing protocols –Routing domains or autonomous systems Interior gateway protocols (IGPs) Exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) –Functionality of routing protocols Distance vector Link-state

11. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition11 Distance Vector Routing Protocols Route by rumor Periodically broadcast entire routing table Considered “chatty” Routing decisions are based on network distance –Routing Information Protocol (RIP) –Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) –Border Gate Protocol (BGP)

12. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition12 Distance Vector Routing Protocols (cont.)

13. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition13 Routing Loops One router believes the best path to a network is via a second router, and at the same time, the second router believes the best path to that network is through the first router TTL

14. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition14 Loop-Avoidance Schemes Count to infinity Network diameter IP header TTL field Split horizon Poison reverse

15. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition15 Link-State Routing Protocols Generates information about directly connected neighbors Flood network (update) with information –Update only when a link change is detected All routers have identical view of network topology –Convergence time is short Dijkstra algorithm Build adjacencies with neighbor routers

16. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition16 Link-State Routing Protocols (cont.)

17. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition17 Routing Characteristics Route convergence –Loop-free path to all networks Time to Live (TTL) –Defined in the Network layer header Multicast vs broadcast update behavior

18. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition18 Routing Characteristics (cont.) ICMP router advertisements –Allow hosts to passively learn about available routes Areas, autonomous systems, and border routers

19. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition19 Routing Characteristics (cont.)

20. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition20 Routing Characteristics (cont.)

21. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition21 Routing Characteristics (cont.)

22. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition22 Interior Gateway Protocols RIP –RIPv1, RIPv2 –Distance vector routing protocol –UDP based –UDP port 520 RIPv2 –Support for variable-length subnets

23. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition23 RIPv1 Broadcast routing table every 30 seconds Does not support non-default subnet masks A RIP packet can have up to 25 networks RIPv1 packet format: –Command –Version –Reserved (or Zero) –Address Family Identifier –IP Address –Metric

24. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition24 RIPv1 (cont.)

25. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition25 RIPv1 (cont.)

26. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition26 RIPv2 Support of variable-length subnet masks Basic authentication Multicasts routing updates RIPv2 packet format –Command –Version –Reserved –Address Family –Authentication Type

27. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition27 RIPv2 (cont.) RIPv2 packet format (cont.) –Authentication Plain text and encrypted passwords –Address Family Identifier –Route Tag Internal route entry, external route entry –IP Address –Subnet Mask –Next Hop –Metric

28. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition28 RIPv2 (cont.)

29. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition29 Open Shortest Path First Link-state routing protocol Non-proprietary Configurable metrics Multicast Hello packets Establish adjacencies

30. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition30 Open Shortest Path First (cont.) Dijkstra algorithm Designated router (DR) Backup designated router (BDR) Link State Advertisements (LSA) LSA multicast to DR (224.0.0.6)

31. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition31 Open Shortest Path First (cont.)

32. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition32 Open Shortest Path First (cont.) Six types of LSAs –Type 1 (Router Links Advertisement) –Type 2 (Network Links Advertisement) –Type 3 (Network Summary Link Advertisement) –Type 4 (AS Boundary Router Summary Link Advertisement) –Type 5 (AS External Link Advertisement) –Type 7 (Not So Stubby Area Networks Advertisement)

33. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition33 Open Shortest Path First (cont.)

34. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition34 Open Shortest Path First (cont.) OSPF header fields –Version Number Field –Type Field –Packet Length Field –Router ID Field –Area ID Field –Checksum Field –AuType Field –Authentication

35. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition35 Open Shortest Path First (cont.)

36. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition36 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Developed by Cisco in 1980s (IGRP) Updated to EIGRP in early 1990s Hybrid routing protocol Integrates distance vector and link-state functions

37. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition37 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) (cont.)

38. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition38 Border Gateway Protocol Exchange routing information between separate autonomous systems BGP offers three types of routing operations –Inter-autonomous system routing –Intra-autonomous system routing –Pass-through autonomous system routing

39. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition39 Border Gateway Protocol

40. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition40 Securing Routers And Routing Behavior Turn off unnecessary services, shut down unnecessary listening ports Configure strong access security to prevent tampering, and, of course, secure physical access to the boxes Assign secure encrypted passwords Telnet sends unencrypted login names and passwords Use secure routing protocols

41. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition41 Troubleshooting IP Routing Test connectivity with the following tools –ROUTE: Used to view the host’s local routing table, and add and remove route entries –PING –TRACERT –PATHPING

42. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition42 Chapter Summary Routing protocols and routers provide a mechanism that can forward traffic from a sender’s subnet to an intended receiver’s subnet Generally, routers depend on access to tables of information that describe known routes and default routers so that traffic can be directed properly within any given internetworked environment, or forwarded outside that environment for delivery elsewhere

43. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition43 Chapter Summary (cont.) Routers depend on various routing protocols to manage the packet forwarding process Interior routing protocols are designed for use within autonomous routing domains, such as those that fall under the purview and control of a single company or organization Exterior routing protocols provide a means whereby routers belonging to multiple companies or organizations can safely and securely forward data and manage routing information amongst the parties involved in a common connection

44. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition44 Chapter Summary (cont.) Distance vector routing protocols such as RIP represent the oldest and simplest type of routing protocols, in which the number of router transitions (called hops) provides a crude metric of routing cost, and where no routing loops should occur as part of the routing topology Link-state routing protocols like OSPF provide more sophisticated routing metrics and controls, and not only can deal with multiple routes between a sender and receiver, but can also use more powerful route metrics to balance loads across such links, or failover from less expensive to more expensive routes, as needed

45. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition45 Chapter Summary (cont.) The OSPF protocol supports much more sophisticated routing structures that break up a network into routing areas to help optimize routing tables and behavior In addition, OSPF recognizes special categories of routing areas, such as a backbone area (where all individual areas interconnect) and autonomous systems, which represent individual routing regions that fall under specific administrative and management control In such cases, area border routers may connect separate routing areas to the backbone, or to other routing areas

46. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition46 Chapter Summary (cont.) Routing characteristics, which determine how long it takes route information (and changes) to stabilize within a group of routers that share information, help to determine what kinds of routing protocols to use in specific applications One important characteristic is convergence (how long it takes routing protocols to calculate optimal routes following updates), including techniques such as split horizon, poison reverse, and Time to Live settings Other important characteristics include information update mechanisms, Router Advertisements, and how routing domains may be logically subdivided to help manage complexity and reduce router traffic

47. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition47 Chapter Summary (cont.) Managing routing on a complex network means understanding how and when to use exterior and interior routing protocols, and how to establish the right kinds of connections between multiple routing domains Private WAN links, Internet connections, and Mobile IP users all require special handling where routing is concerned to make sure that systems and services behave as required It’s especially important to understand how and when interior routing protocols, such as OSPF, must interoperate with exterior routing protocols, such as BGP

48. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition48 Chapter Summary (cont.) Because router tables define the topology and behavior of IP networks, it’s essential to manage router security and updates as safely as possible For those reasons, using strong passwords and secure links to access and update routers and their configurations is absolutely essential

49. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition49 Chapter Summary (cont.) Key troubleshooting tools for inspecting and diagnosing routing problems through a Windows 2000 and Windows XP IP host include ROUTE,TRACERT, PING, and PATHPING To become as proficient in managing routes and routers as possible, make yourself completely familiar with these command-line utilities