1. Human Nutrition and Health Mr. Tamashiro Biology I Units 7 & 8

2. 2 Topics covered A1: Components of the human diet – Nutrients needed in the diet – Deficiency diseases – Fatty Acids – Vitamins and minerals – Fibre A2: Energy in Human Diets – Sources of energy – Identifying eating disorders – obesity and anorexia

3. 3 Topics covered A3: Special issues in Human nutrition – Breast-feeding – Diabetes – Vegetarians / Vegans – Low cholesterol diets – Food miles

4. 4 How to use this PowerPoint The majority of this PowerPoint is aimed for you to complete the study on your own. USE YOUR TEXT BOOK! You will be making a portfolio of all the information you have learnt. Instructions that are in red refer to what I expect to see in your portfolio. Any extra information is fantastic! DON’T FORGET TO REFERENCE ANY WEBSITES OR BOOKS YOU USE IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY!!!

5. Components of the human diet A1

6. Nutrients Nutrients are chemicals found in food that the body needs to function. Given the right raw materials, the human body can manufacture many useful chemicals from breaking down and reassembling other chemicals. Essential nutrients are ones that the body cannot manufacture. Therefore we have to eat them regularly. A1.1

7. Questions Research and answer these questions in full sentences: What are nutrients? What are essential nutrients? Give 2 examples of essential amino acids Give 2 examples of essential fatty acids Give 2 examples of essential minerals Give 2 examples of essential Vitamins Why is water so important in the diet? What are non-essential amino acids? Give 2 examples. A1.2 - 3

8. Malnutrition There are 3 main kinds of malnutrition: Not enough food Too much food Not the right type of food All can lead to health problems. A1.4

9. Kwashiorkor These children are suffering from Kwashiorkor – protein deficiency. Explain why they have swollen abdomens. A1.4

10. Phenylketonuria (PKU) Research and answer the following questions in detail and in full sentences: 1.What causes PKU? 2.What enzyme are sufferers of PKU unable to produce? What are the consequences of this (explain in full)? 3.How can PKU be controlled by early diagnosis? 4.How can PKU be controlled by diet? A1.5

11. Fatty Acids NameDiagram of structure Description of structure Foods that contain them Health implications Saturated fatty acids Cis unsaturated fatty acids Trans unsaturated fatty acids Mono unsaturated fatty acids Poly unsaturated fatty acids A1.6 Copy and complete this table to outline the differences between the different structures of fatty acids:

12. Fat diets across the world: Introduction Read the information on this website and answer the following questions:website What are the benefits of eating eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish and fish oils? What is hydrogenation? Why is it done? HDL stands for High Density Lipoproteins (often called “good cholesterol). LDL stands for Low Density Lipoproteins (“bad cholesterol). Using this information, explain why hydrogenation is thought to be bad for health. A1.7

13. Fat diets across the world: Mediterranean diets How does eating a diet rich in olive oil help reduce the levels of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in Mediterranean populations? What else is in the Mediterranean diet that might help reduce CHD? How does the article say they protect cells from damage? What are the other benefits of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)? A1.7

14. Fat diets across the world: Eskimo and Japanese diets Give 3 examples of fatty, cold-water fish. What useful substances do they contain? What health benefits might this account for? How can you tell that it is not just Japanese genetics that gives them these health benefits? What study led experts in the US to define a weekly consumption of 1-2 servings of fish as consistent with good health? A1.7

15. Fat diets across the world: Analysing the studies Summarise the other dietary components and non-dietary factors that contribute to the health and well-being of the Mediterranean and Japanese ethnic groups. Do you think there is enough evidence to support the claims made by the studies in the Mediterranean and Japan? Look at this website before you answer! website A1.7

16. Vitamins and Minerals Distinguish between the chemical structure of Vitamins and Minerals – use Page 974-975 of your text book. What does RDI stand for? What is the older method for calculating RDI? What is the more modern method? A1.8 - 9

17. Vitamin C Read this website and your text book P 974website What is the Vitamin C deficiency disease? Discuss how to cure it. What is the difference between RDI, RDA and DRI?RDIRDADRI How much Vitamin C is needed to “saturate” the body? What happens to any excess? The RDA of Vitamin C has changed over the years. Why? What are the benefits and dangers / adverse effects of taking more than the RDI of Vitamin C? (Give details) A1.10

18. Vitamin D PropertyAnswer Soluble in Needed for Where it is made What else is needed to make it Foods that contain it Deficiency disease in childrenName: Description: Deficiency diseases in adultsNames: Description: Issues surrounding getting sufficient Vitamin D to avoid deficiency disease A1.11

19. IB question Answer this question with regard to sunlight and Vitamin D deficiency: Suggest how environmental conditions cause malnutrition A1.12

20. Dietary supplements Iodine is an essential mineral in the diet. In many parts of the world children show symptoms of iodine deficiency. Find out the answers to these questions: 1.How is iodine used in the human body? 2.What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency? 3.What would be the benefits of dietary supplementation with iodine? 4.Would it be feasible to develop a world wide programme of dietary iodine supplementation? 5.Are there other mineral deficiencies that are widespread causes of malnutrition? A1.13

21. IB Question Discuss the importance of fibre in the diet. [3] A1.14

22. Energy in Human diets

23. IB Question This question is taken from the specimen paper for 2008! A2.1

24. Energy and Ethnicity “Staple” foods are eaten in bulk to provide energy. Different cultures have different staple foods due to availability, cultural preferences and traditions. Make a poster showing different staple foods from around the world and the cultures that eat them. A2.2

25. Health consequences of diet Rearrange this table so the information it shows is correct: A2.3 Diet contains lots of… Health consequences Fat Makes you feel full faster and for longer. Can also be used for energy if necessary although this does require the kidneys to excrete more urea which could damage them. Protein Provides lots of energy which is beneficial before a big sporting event. Excess can be turned into fat causing obesity. Carbohydrate Contains lots of energy which could cause obesity. Also linked to cancer of the colon.

26. Appetite control Copy and complete the flow chart on the next slide to explain how appetite is controlled in the brain Add annotations to explain what happens when parts of this system stop working. A2.4

27. Start eating Hormones from ___________ and __________ travel via the blood to the… The ______ _______ _______ in the ________ in the brain detects that no more food needs to be eaten. Stop eating _______ Gene creates leptin in _______ tissue __________ tissue sends ________ to the brain to tell it________ ___________________ ___________________ A2.4

28. Body Mass Index Do a survey of your friends and family and work out their BMI. (Ask permission first!). Present this in your portfolio showing the calculations you did (including the equation). Classify your subjects as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese using the BMI categories in the text book. Add the people on the next page into your survey: A2.5 -6

29. Why is obesity increasing? Suggest and explain 4 reasons for the data shown in this table. Gender% obese 1966 - 70 % obese 1988 - 91 Boys513 Girls59 A2.7

30. Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a disease with psychological causes. Someone who has anorexia becomes chronically underweight because they do not eat enough food even if plenty is available. What are the physiological consequences (effects on the body) of anorexia in relation to: – Muscle mass? – Hair growth? – Blood pressure? – Fertility? – Menstruation? – Dental health? A2.8

31. Anorexia nervosa What are the consequences for the family and friends of someone who develops anorexia? Read this article: http://www.media- awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_a nd_girls/women_beauty.cfmhttp://www.media- awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_a nd_girls/women_beauty.cfm – What are your views on magazines using young ultra thin models for advertising? – Is it acceptable? – What could the consequences be? – How can we build a society where healthy body shape is valued?

32. Special issues in human nutrition A3

33. Breast feeding Design a leaflet to persuade new mothers to breastfeed their babies rather than use formula (artificial) milk. It should include: – The difference between breast and artificial milk – The benefits of breast feeding – Reassurance that breast feeding in public is acceptable This should be a biased piece of writing!

34. Breastfeeding 2 Read the article on this website: http://www.breastfeeding.com/advocacy/adv ocacy_boycott.html http://www.breastfeeding.com/advocacy/adv ocacy_boycott.html Explain as fully as you can the reasons why someone may boycott buying Nestle products. Are you convinced to boycott Nestle??

35. Breast feeding 3 Remember – breastfeeding doesn’t work out for every mother! Read this article for a (slightly) less biased view!) – http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/bre ast_bottle_feeding.html http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/bre ast_bottle_feeding.html

36. Diabetes The cause and treatment of Diabetes is covered in the following link: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/article_e m.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/article_e m.htm Briefly outline the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes (you do not have to give any details of the cause or treatment).

37. Type II Diabetes Answer these questions: 1.What has happened to the incidence of Type II diabetes in America since 1997? 2.What are the causes for this? 3.What are the symptoms of Type II diabetes? 4.What dietary advice is given to people with Type II diabetes?

38. To Meat or not to Meat Explain why some people prefer not to eat animals or animal products.

39. Cholesterol and heart disease 1.What is cholesterol? 2.What is cholesterol needed for? 3.Explain how cholesterol can cause a heart attack or stroke. 4.Explain the change in thinking about the relationship between dietary cholesterol and serum (blood) cholesterol. 5.How is cholesterol transported in the blood? 6.Complete the diagrams on the next two slides.

40. Transport of cholesterol Liver Transported by __________ (good cholesterol) Can be increased by: E__________ Not s__________ W________ loss Omega 3, _________________________ A diet containing a lot of _________ and limited amounts of _______. Moderate use of a__________??? (not proven!) Cholesterol broken down Cholesterol in blood

41. Transport of cholesterol Liver Cholesterol in blood Transported by __________ (bad cholesterol) Can be increased by: No E__________ S__________ Putting on w________ trans _________________ A diet containing too little _________ and lots of _______. Cholesterol can cause plaques

42. Food miles Read the article on this website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/food_matters/foo dmiles.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/food_matters/foo dmiles.shtml Discuss the concept of food miles and the reasons for consumers choosing foods to minimize food miles

43. Checklist for your portfolio 1.Questions on nutrients from slide 7 2.Explanation of Kwashiorkor from slide 9 3.Research and questions from slide 10 on PKU 4.Completed table on fatty acids from slide 11 5.Questions from slides 12 – 15 on fat diets across the world (using the website) 6.Questions on vitamins and minerals from slide 16 7.Questions on Vitamin C from slide 17 using website 8.Completed table on Vitamin D from slide 18 and answer the question on slide 19.

44. Checklist for your portfolio 9.Answer the questions on iodine supplementation from slide 20 10.Answer the IB question on fibre from slide 21 11.Answer the IB question on energy content of food from slide 23 12.Make a poster to show different staple diets (slide 24) 13.Rearrange the table from slide 25 14.Copy and complete the flow chart from slide 27 adding annotations. 15.Write up your survey and results showing your BMI calculations.

45. Checklist for your portfolio 16.Answer the questions on the causes of obesity from slide 30 17.Research anorexia nervosa and answer the questions on slides 31 – 32. 18.Design the leaflet from slide 34. 19.Explain why people boycott Nestle products (slide 35). 20.OUTLINE the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes (one or two sentences!) 21.Answer the questions on slide 38 on diabetes 22.Answer the question on slide 39

46. Checklist for your portfolio 23.Answer the questions on cholesterol on slide 40 and fill in the diagrams on slides 41 – 42. 24.Read the website article from slide 43 and answer the question. 25.Check through your work and make sure you have added all your references into your bibliography. 26.RELAX!! 27.Due in two weeks after being presented to you!!!!