1. “Basal” Asterids, Lamiids
Asterids – Part 1
“Basal” Asterids, Lamiids
Spring 2012

2. Fig. 8.1

3. Asterid characters Molecular data Sympetalous corollas
Epipetalous stamens
Number of stamens = number of
petals
Ovules with a single integument and a thin nucellus (reduction from two integuments)
Iridoid compounds

4. Asterid characters # stamens = # petals Unitegmic, tenuinucellate
ovules
Sympetaly and epipetalous stamens

5. Fig. 8.83

6. Asterid taxa “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales – dogwoods Lamiids
Order Ericales – azaleas, blueberries, cranberries
Lamiids
Order Solanales – potatoes, tomatoes, peppers
Order Gentianales – gentians, milkweeds, coffee
Order Lamiales – mints, olives, snapdragons
Campanulids
Order Apiales – ginseng, carrots, dill, parsley
Order Dipsacales – honeysuckle, elderberry
Order Asterales – bluebells, sunflowers
Core Asterids

7. Asterid taxa – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Lamiids
Cornaceae – dogwoods
Order Ericales
Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
Lamiids
Order Gentianales
*Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds
Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Order Solanales
*Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Lamiales
Campanulids (Part 2)
*family required for recognition

8. “Basal” Asterids: Cornales: Cornaceae (The Dogwood Family)
Widespread, especially common in north temperate regions
Usually trees or shrubs; leaves usually opposite, usually entire, with secondary veins smoothly arching toward leaf margins (arcuate venation)
Diversity: species in ca. 2 genera
Flowers: Sepals & petals 4-5; stamens 4-10, pollen apertures with an H-shaped thin region; carpels usually 2 or 3, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a drupe, the pit winged or ridged
Significant features: Nectar disk on top of the ovary; inflorescences sometimes with showy bracts
Special uses: Ornamentals such as (Cornus) and tupelo (Nyssa)
Family not required

9. Davidia
Cornaceae
Nyssa
(tupelo)

10. Cornaceae: Cornus -shrubs, trees or herbs with usually
opposite simple leaves
-flowers small, in open cymes or
in close heads surrounded by
petal-like bracts (false flowers)
-calyx minutely 4-toothed
-petals 4, stamens 4
-fruit a small drupe

11. “Basal” Asterids: Ericales: Ericaceae (The Heath or Blueberry Family)
Cosmopolitan; most diverse in montane habitats in E. Asia, E North America, S Africa, Australia. Favor acid soils; sunny or part-shaded habitats
Trees, shrubs, lianas, occasionally mycoparasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll; leaves usually alternate and spiral
Diversity: 4,100 species in 124 genera
Flowers: Often showy. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, connate forming a cylindrical to urn-shaped corolla; stamens (3) 8-10; anthers inverted, often with appendages, and poricidal dehiscence, pollen grains often in tetrads; carpels 2-10, connate, superior to inferior ovary; fruit a septic. or loculic. capsule, berry, drupe
Significant features: anthers often with poricidal dehiscence & sometimes with appendages; leaves often coriaceous
Special uses: blueberries & cranberries (Vaccinium), Rhododendron and allies (Rhododendron, Erica, Kalmia, Pieris) are showy ornamentals
Family not required

12. Ericaceae anthers (Fig. 8.89)

13. Ericaceae: Rhododendron
-shrubs or small trees with deciduous
or evergreen leaves
-flowers developed from scaly buds,
mostly 5-merous
-corolla deciduous
-stamens usually 2x the number of
corolla lobes; anthers with poricidal
dehiscence
-ovary superior
-fruit a septicidal capsule

14. Sarraceniaceae—another origin of carnivory by pitchers

15. Asterid taxa – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Lamiids
Cornaceae – dogwoods
Order Ericales
Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
Lamiids
Order Gentianales
*Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds
Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Order Solanales
*Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Lamiales
Campanulids (Part 2)
*family required for recognition

16. Lamiids: Gentianales: Apocynaceae (The Milkweed Family; incl
Lamiids: Gentianales: Apocynaceae (The Milkweed Family; incl. Asclepiadaceae)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; some in temperate regions
Trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas, vines with laticifers and usually milky sap
Diversity: ca. 4,600 species in ca. 400 genera
Flowers: Sepals usu. 5; petals usu. 5, connate forming bell- funnel- or tubular-shaped corolla; stamens usually 5, filaments always adnate to the corolla, anthers distinct or connate and forming a ring to fused to the stylar head; staminal outgrowths (corona) often present and petal-like; carpels usually 2, connate by styles/stigmas only & ovaries distinct to fully connate, superior ovary; apex of style expanded and highly modified, forming a 5-sided stylar head, secreting viscin; fruits often paired, each ovary developing into a dry follicle, drupe or berry
Significant features: Usually opposite leaves; pollen in sticky masses (w/ viscin) or in pollinia; seeds flattened, often with a tuft of hairs
Special uses: Some chemical uses (e.g., Catharanthus, “Madagascar periwinkle”) and ornamentals (Asclepias, Vinca, Plumeria, Nerium)
Required taxa: Asclepias

17. paired
fruits
anther views
separate
ovaries
G: stylar head

18. Apocynaceae – Groups without pollinia
Vinca
Plumeria
Catharanthus
Apocynum
Thevetia
Nerium
oleander

19. corona
pair of pollinia

20. Apocynaceae with pollinia (Asclepiadoideae)
Ceropegia
Hoya
Calotropus
Asclepias
Stapelia

21. Apocynaceae: Asclepias
-plants herbaceous, stems erect
to leaning
-leaves usually opposite, sometimes
alternate or whorled
-inflorescence an umbel
-corona of 5 hooded fleshy bodies,
each usually with an incurved horn
but lacking a crest
-pollen in pollinia, the pollinia
suspended
-fruit a dry, ovoid or lanceolate
follicle, one of the pair often aborting

22. Lamiids: Gentianales: Rubiaceae (The Coffee or Madder Family)
Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the tropics and subtropical regions
Trees, shrubs lianas or herbs, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled
Diversity: Ca. 12,000 species in ca. 600 genera
Flowers: usually bisexual and radial; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, forming a funnel shaped corolla; stamens usually 4 or 5, adnate to corolla; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, berry, drupe, or schizocarp
Significant features: interpetiolar stipules (connate stipules)
Special uses: Major commodity is coffee (Coffea); anti-malarial drug obtained from the bark of Cinchona (quinine); ipecac (make-U-vomit) comes from Psychotria; gardenias (Gardenia), Pentas, and Ixora provide ornamentals
Family not required

23. Rubiaceae
interpetiolar stipules

24. Rubiaceae
Pentas
Coffea
arabica

25. Rubiaceae: Galium (bedstraw)
-stems 4-angled
-slender herbs with whorled leaves
-flowers small, in cymes
-calyx teeth obsolete
-corolla rotate
-stamens 4 (rarely 3)
-1 ovule per locule, the 2 carpels
separating when ripe

26. Lamiids: Solanales: Solanaceae (The Potato or Nightshade Family)
Widespread but most diverse in the neotropics
Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines; leaves alternate; often with a ‘solanaceous smell’
Diversity: 2,450 species in genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming variously tubular corolla, plicate (folded) ; stamens 5, filaments adnate to corolla, sometimes anthers connivant; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, oriented obliquely to the median plane of the flower; superior ovary; fruit usually a berry (occ. a capsule, schizocarp or nutlet)
Significant features: Complex chemistry with solanacous tropane alkaloids (belladonna/atropine, nicotine, capsaicin, etc.); stems with internal phloem
Special uses: Many fruits and vegetables (potatoes & tomatoes - Solanum, peppers - Capsicum), tobacco (Nicotiana), some ornamentals (Petunia)
Required taxa: Petunia, Solanum

27. Solanaceae diversity

28. Solanaceae: Solanum -herbs or shrubs
-corolla regular, rotate, 5-merous,
deeply lobed
-anthers forming a tube around
the style (connivent), with terminal
openings; filaments short
-fruit a berry, usually 2-locular
-ca. 1,400 species, mostly tropical

29. Solanaceae: Petunia -herbs with upper leaves tending
to become opposite
-corolla slightly irregular,
a little bilabiate, funnelform or
salverform
-stamens unequal, 1 much
smaller than the others

30. Economic plants and products:
Solanaceae
Economic plants and products:
Edibles:
Cayenne pepper (Capsicum)
Eggplant (Solanum)
Green pepper (Capsicum)
Red pepper (Capsicum)
Potato (Solanum)
Tomato (Solanum)

31. Economic plants and products:
Solanaceae
Economic plants and products:
Medicinal/toxic plants
~ Alkaloids!
Belladona (Atropa)
Henbane (Hyoscyamus)
Jimson-weed (Datura)
Nightshade (Solanum)
Mandrake (Mandragora)
Tobacco (Nicotiana)

32. Fig. 8.83

33. Lamiales -gland-headed hairs -diacytic stomates
-oligosaccharides (instead of starch)
-anther anatomy
-protein inclusions in the nuclei of
mesophyll cells
-endosperm with a micropylar haustorium
-molecular data
-ca. 22 families and 20,000 species

34. Major Families of Lamiales
*Lamiaceae – mints
Oleaceae – olives, ashes, lilacs
Orobanchaceae – louseworts, beechdrops, Indian paintbrushes
Plantaginaceae – snapdragons, vervains, penstemons
Scrophulariaceae – mulleins, figworts
*family required for recognition

35. Lamiids: Lamiales: Lamiaceae (The Mint Family; Labiatae)
Cosmopolitan
Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems square in herbaceous taxa
Diversity: Ca. 6,800 species in genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate, calyx radial or bilateral; petals 5, connate, bilabiate; stamens 4, didynamous to more or less equal; carpels 2, 2 ovules per carpel, connate, styles terminal to an often gynobasic, superior, often deeply 4-lobed ovary; fruit a drupe w/ 1-4 pits, an indehiscent 4-seeded pod, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets or drupelets
Significant features: Opposite leaves (usually); aromatic volatile compounds - mint oils; inflorescences with main axis indeterminate and determinate (cymose) lateral axes, these often congested into pseudowhorls (verticillasters)
Special uses: Many herbs: oregano (Origanum), basil (Basilicum), peppermint/spearmint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus); teak wood (Tectona); ornamentals (e.g., Salvia, Callicarpa)
Required taxa: Salvia

36. Lamiaceae From Zomlefer Corolla: zygomorphic sympetalous bilabiate
Stamens:
4, didynamous
epipetalous
Ovary:
2-carpellate
deeply 4-lobed
4 locules
Gynobasic style
Schizocarp (4 nutlets)
Square stems (herbaceous taxa)
Opposite leaves
Inflorescence: false whorls (verticils or verticillasters)
Stachys floridana

37. Lamiaceae Nepeta Phytostegia Rosmarinus Monarda Clinopodium
Note verticillate whorls
of flowers at each node
Nepeta
Phytostegia
Ocimum
Rosmarinus
Monarda
Clinopodium

38. Lamiaceae: Salvia -calyx bilabiate, its lower lip 2-lobed
-corolla strongly bilabiate
-anther-bearing stamens 2,
ascending and parallel, the
upper pair lacking or rudimentary
-anther with an elongate filament-like
connective articulated with the filament
-ovary deeply 4-parted

39. Economic plants and products:
Lamiaceae
Economic plants and products:
Condiments & perfumes:
Basil (Ocimum)
Lavender (Lavandula)
Oregano (Origanum)
Peppermint (Mentha)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus)
Sage (Salvia)
Spearmint (Mentha)
Thyme (Thymus)
Mentha

40. Economic plants and products:
Lamiaceae
Economic plants and products:
Ornamental plants:
Beautyberry (Callicarpa)
Coleus (Coleus)
Salvia (Salvia)

41. Lamiids: Lamiales: Oleaceae (The Olive Family)
Widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions.
Trees, shrubs (lianas) with usually opposite leaves
Diversity: Ca. 700 species in 24 genera
Flowers: Often small but can be showy; sepals & petals 4, connate; stamens 2 (-4), filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or circumcissile capsule, berry, drupe
Significant features: Tetramerous flowers, peltate secretory trichomes
Special uses: Olives (Olea) used for fruits and oil; jasmine (Jasminum) used for flavoring and perfumery; ornamentals: lilac (Syringa), ash (Fraxinus), privet (Ligustrum), Forsythia
Family not required

42. Chionanthus
Olea europaea
Oleaceae
Syringa
Forsythia

43. Oleaceae: Fraxinus -trees or shrubs -leaves usually pinnately compound
-flowers small, usually unisexual
-petals 4 or lacking
-fruit a dry indehiscent samara

44. Oleaceae: Syringa -upright shrubs -leaves simple
-inflorescences paniculate
-corolla salverform, lilac to pink
or white
-fruit a loculicidal capsule

45. Lamiids: Lamiales: Orobanchaceae (The Broomrape Family)
Nearly cosmopolitan
Herbs, hemiparasitic or holoparasitic (lacking chlorophyll), often black or dark colored when dry
Diversity: Ca species in genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, the corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, didynamous, adnate to the corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule
Significant features: Haustorial connections to terrestrial plant roots
Family not required

46. Orobanchaceae diversity
Agalinis
Epifagus – beechdrops
Pedicularis
Conopholis
Striga

47. Orobanchaceae: Castilleja
-hemiparasitic herbs with alternate
leaves
-inflorescences with colorful,
showy bracts more conspicuous than
the flowers themselves
-calyx tubular
-anther locules unequal and separated

48. Lamiids: Lamiales: Plantaginaceae (The Snapdragon Family)
Nearly cosmopolitan, but most diverse in temperate areas
Herbs or less commonly shrubs, often with terminal inflorescences; leaves alternate or opposite
Diversity: Ca. 1,820 species in 101 genera
Flowers: Usually bisexual and bilateral, but + radial in Plantago; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 5 (or appearing to be 4 due to fusion of 2 upper lobes), connate, usually with a 2-lipped corolla; stamens usually 4 (2), with filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule or schizocarp of 2 achenes
Significant features: floral zygomorphy; special type of glandular hair
Special uses: Many ornamentals (Antirrhinum, Penstemon, Veronica, Linaria); medical foxglove (Digitalis)
Family not required

49. Plantaginaceae Digitalis Penstemon Linaria Collinsia Penstemon
Antirrhinum

50. Plantaginaceae: Plantago
-usually “stemless” herbs
(rosettes)
-leaves with parallel venation
-flowers 4-merous, radial, wind-
pollinated
-corolla much reduced
-stamens 4, filaments long
exserted

51. Plantaginaceae: Veronica
-usually herbaceous, annuals
or perennials
-leaves usually opposite
-flowers relatively small
-corolla rotate, not bilabiate but
somewhat zygomorphic
-stamens 2

52. Lamiids: Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae (The Figwort Family)
Widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions
Herbs (shrubs) with terminal inflorescences
Diversity: 1,680 species in 52 genera
Flowers: Sepals 3-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, corolla bilabiate or tubular with flaring lobes, typically showing zygomorphy but sometimes actinomorphic; stamens, 5, 4, or 2, with filaments adnate to corolla; anther sacs usually confluent and opening by a single distal slit oriented at right angles to the filament or more or less U-shaped; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule, drupe or schizocarp of achenes or druplets
Significant features: floral zygomorphy; anther openings
Special uses: Many ornamentals (Buddleja, Nemesia, Scrophularia)
Family not required

53. Scrophulariaceae
Sutera
Leucophyllum
Scrophularia
Buddleja

54. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum
-tall, usually hairy biennial herbs
-stem leaves sessile, often decurrent
-inflorescences terminal spikes,
racemes or panicles
-corolla 5-lobed, rotate, tube short,
only slightly bilateral
-stamens 5, all fertile, 3 or all of the
filaments hairy

55. Other cool Lamiales Bignoniaceae Lentibulariaceae –
more carnivorous plants
Gesneriaceae