1. Male Reproductive Anatomy (Front View)
Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
(Urinary bladder)
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Erectile tissue of penis
Scrotum
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis

2. Male Reproductive Anatomy (Side View)
(Urinary bladder)
(Urinary duct)
Seminal vesicle
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Vas deferens
Erectile tissue
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Glans
Vas deferens
Epididymis Testis Scrotum
Prepuce

3. Female Reproductive Anatomy (Front View)
Oviduct
Ovaries
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Uterine wall
Uterus
Endometrium
Cervix
Vagina

4. Female Reproductive Anatomy (Side View)
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Cervix
Urethra
Vagina
Shaft
Glans
Clitoris
Prepuce
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vaginal opening

5. Spermatogenesis Epididymis Seminiferous tubule Testis
Cross section of seminiferous tubule
Primordial germ cell in embryo
Mitotic divisions
Sertoli cell nucleus
Spermatogonial stem cell 2n
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium 2n
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte 2n
Meiosis I
Lumen of seminiferous tubule
Secondary spermatocyte n n
Meiosis II
Neck
Spermatids (at two stages of differentiation)
Early spermatid n n n n
Tail
Midpiece
Head
Plasma membrane
Differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients)
Mitochondria
Sperm n n n n
Nucleus
Acrosome

6. Spermatogenesis (Expanded View)
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubule
Sertoli cell nucleus
Spermatogonium
Testis
Primary spermatocyte
Cross section of seminiferous tubule
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids (two stages)
Lumen of seminiferous tubule
Sperm

7. Spermatogenesis Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonial stem cell 2n
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium 2n
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte 2n
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocyte n n
Meiosis II
Early spermatid n n n n
Differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients)
Sperm n n n n

8. Anatomy of Spermatozoon
Neck
Tail
Midpiece
Head
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Acrosome

9. Oogenesis 2n 2n n n n n Ovary Primary oocyte within follicle In embryo
Growing follicle
Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions 2n
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I 2n
Mature follicle
Ruptured follicle
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
First polar body n n
Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulated secondary oocyte
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis II
Second polar body
Corpus luteum n n
Fertilized egg
Degenerating corpus luteum

10. Oogenesis (Expanded View)
Ovary
Ruptured follicle
Primary oocyte within follicle
Ovulated secondary oocyte
Growing follicle
Corpus luteum
Mature follicle
Degenerating corpus luteum

11. Oogenesis (Expanded) 2n 2n n n n n In embryo Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions 2n
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I 2n
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
First polar body n n
Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis II
Second polar body n
Fertilized egg n

12. Anatomy of Ovum
Second polar body

13. Spermatogenesis v. Oogenesis

14. Hormonal Control in Males–
Hypothalamus
GnRH – –
Anterior pituitary
FSH LH
Negative feedback
Negative feedback
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells
Inhibin
Spermatogenesis
Testosterone
Testis

15. Hormonal Control in Females Degenerating corpus luteum
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus –
Stimulated by high levels of estradiol 1
GnRH +
Anterior pituitary
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol – 2
FSH LH
(b)
Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow
LH surge triggers ovulation 3
(c)
Ovarian cycle 7 8
Growing follicle
Maturing follicle
Corpus luteum
Degenerating corpus luteum
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts
Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4
(d)
Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causes LH surge 5 10
Estradiol
Progesterone 9
Estradiol level very low
Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium
(e)
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Days | | | | | | | | 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

16. Hormonal Control in Females (Expanded View) Degenerating corpus luteum
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus –
Stimulated by high levels of estradiol
GnRH +
Anterior pituitary
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol –
FSH LH
(b)
Pituitary gonadotropins in blood LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow
LH surge triggers ovulation
(c)
Ovarian cycle
Corpus luteum
Degenerating corpus luteum
Growing follicle
Maturing follicle
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Days | | | | | | | | 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

17. Hormonal Control in Females (Expanded View)
Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causes LH surge
Estradiol
Progesterone
Estradiol level very low
Ovulation
Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium
(e)
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Days | | | | | | | | 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

18. The blastocyst implants3
Cleavage
Cleavage continues 4
Ovary 2
Fertilization
Uterus
The blastocyst implants 5 1
Ovulation
Endometrium
(a) From ovulation to implantation
Endo- metrium
Inner cell mass
Cavity
Trophoblast
Blastocyst
(b) Implantation of blastocyst

19. Hormones During Pregnancy

20. Maternal Fetal Blood Flow
Maternal arteries
Maternal veins
Placenta
Maternal portion of placenta
Umbilical cord
Chorionic villus, containing fetal capillaries
Fetal portion of placenta (chorion)
Maternal blood pools
Uterus
Umbilical arteries
Fetal arteriole
Fetal venule
Umbilical cord
Umbilical vein

21. Placental Crossing

22. (a) First Trimester (b) Second Trimester (c) Third Trimester
Fig
(a) First Trimester
(b) Second Trimester
(c) Third Trimester

23. Fig a
(a) First Trimester

24. Fig b
(b) Second Trimester

25. Fig c
(c) Third Trimester

26. from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary
Estradiol
Oxytocin +
from ovaries
from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary
Induces oxytocin receptors on uterus
Positive feedback
Stimulates uterus to contract
Stimulates placenta to make +
Prostaglandins
Stimulate more contractions of uterus

27. Birthing Process Placenta Umbilical cord Uterus Cervix
Dilation of the cervix 1
Expulsion: delivery of the infant 2
Uterus
Placenta (detaching)
Umbilical cord
Delivery of the placenta 3

28. Placenta Umbilical cord Uterus Cervix Dilation of the cervix 1
Fig
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Uterus
Cervix
Dilation of the cervix 1

29. Expulsion: delivery of the infant
Fig
Expulsion: delivery of the infant 2

30. Delivery of the placenta
Fig
Uterus
Placenta
(detaching)
Umbilical
cord
Delivery of the placenta 3

31. Methods Of Birth Control
Male
Female
Method
Event
Event
Method
Production of sperm
Production of primary oocytes
Vasectomy
Combination birth control pill (or injection, patch, or vaginal ring)
Sperm transport down male duct system
Oocyte development and ovulation
Abstinence
Abstinence
Condom
Female condom
Coitus interruptus (very high failure rate)
Sperm deposited in vagina
Capture of the oocyte by the oviduct
Tubal ligation
Spermicides; diaphragm; cervical cap; progestin alone (as minipill, implant, or injection)
Sperm movement through female reproductive tract
Transport of oocyte in oviduct
Meeting of sperm and oocyte in oviduct
Morning-after pill; intrauterine device (IUD)
Union of sperm and egg
Implantation of blastocyst in endometrium

32. In-Vitro Fertilization

33. Ethics of In-Vitro Fertilization
Advantages of IVF: there are as many reasons for this treatment as there are people seeking this treatment.
over comes infertility
allow families for people who must be sterilised e.g.. radiography/chemo therapy cancer patients
Disadvantages of IVF:
what happens to unwanted embryo's
what happens to orphaned embryo's
should infertility be by-passed